Level 1 Report

20 / 3 / 2025

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TASK 1 : 3D Printing

This was a fascinating task in which I had to make a 3D printed model by slicing a STL file.The file was created by using Ultimaker software and the design was obtained from Thingiverse.

Learnings and Outcome-

1. Material used : PLA (Polylactic acid) is the most suitable material for 3D printing.
2. Extruder temperature : Nozzle temperature of 200°C - 210°C is recommended for PLA.
3. Bed Temperature : For best results, a bed temperature of 50°C - 60°C is recommended. A maximum temperature of 65°C can be set for first two layers.
4. Extruder Fan speed : Set the extruder fan speed to 100% for clean, crisp layers with proper details.
5. Printing Speed : Printing at a speed of 55mm/s or slower provides great results. Speeds greater than 80mm/s is not suggested.
6. Post Printing processing : Cyanoacrylate glue (superglue) is used for joining the PLA parts. Spray Printing the 3D Printed parts can help to fill the gaps. Sanding and Polishing the PLA parts can result in super smooth surfaces. Below is the image of my 3D printed model

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TASK 2 : API

Through this task, I could understand that an API(Application Programming Interface) is basically a set of rules which allows different applications to communicate with each other.

Learnings and Outcome-

This helped me to create a Weather App which gives real time data about the weather, temperature, humidity and pressure. I used Fontawesome website for the icons. Github Link

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TASK 3 : Working with Github

GitHub is a cloud based platform where the users can store, share and collaborate with others to write code.

Learnings and Outcome-

1. I learnt how to create and delete my own repositories.
2. By following the instructions in the given Readme file, I learned how to fork others repository into my repository.
3. I made changes in the code and pushed it back to them. Github Link to access the changes I have done.

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TASK 4 : Get familiar with the command line on ubuntu

Through this task, I gained familiarity with the command lines of Ubuntu, which is a free and open-source Linux-based operating system.

Learnings and Outcomes-

Commands used in Ubuntu -

1. To create a folder named test : mkdir test
2. To change directory(cd) into that folder : cd test
3. To create a blank file : touch blank.txt
4. To list the files in folder : ls
5. To create 2600 folders in this folder : mkdir -p s{1..2600}
6. Create two files named as f1 and f2. In first file write "This is File 1" and in the second file write "This is File 2" : echo "This is file 1"> f1.txt echo "This is file 2"> f2.txt
7. To concatenate these two files : cat f1.txt f2.txt

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TASK 5 : Working with Pandas and Matplotlib

Pandas is a Python library used for working with data sets. Matplotlib is an open source, low level graph plotting library in python that serves as a visualization utility.

Learnings and Outcome- This task helped me to learn how to plot graphs for a set of data by using Matplotlib and Pandas.

Line Graph

Bar Graph

Scatter plot

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TASK 6 : Create a Portfolio Webpage

The objective of this task was to create a portfolio website. This was a completely new concept for me. With the help of a reference link, I have created my portfolio. Click here to view the files.

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TASK 7 : Writing Resource Article using Markdown

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are integrated circuits often sold off-the-shelf. They’re referred to as ‘field programmable’ because they provide customers the ability to reconfigure the hardware to meet specific use case requirements after the manufacturing process.

I have written an article on the topic "Low Power design technology in FPGA" using markdown, where I learnt not only about the topic chosen, but also about the different features in Markdown.

Click here to read the article

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TASK 8 : Tinkercad

Tinkercad is a free, online 3D modeling program that lets you to create objects, design circuits, and learn how to code. The task was to simulate a circuit using an Ultrasonic sensor to to estimate the distance between the sensor and an obstacle, while displaying the results on the serial monitor.

Learnings and Outcome-

Connections:

UltraSonic Distance Sensor

Label	Pin Number
VCC	5V
GND	GND
TRIG	7
ECHO	6

Micro Servor

Label	Pin Number
Signal	2
Power	5V
Ground	GND

Working:

• The Ultrasonic sensor is a device that calculates distance by emitting sound waves and collecting their echo.
• It uses ultrasonic waves to determine the distance and converts the reflected sound into electrical signals.
• This sensor consists of two major components, a transmitter that generates sound waves via a piezoelectric crystal and a receiver that detects the ultrasonic waves.
• The distance is calculated by measuring the ultrasonic sound's travel time and speed.

Distance = (Time x Speed of sound)/2 Tinkercad Link

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TASK 9 : Speed Control of DC Motor

L298N Motor Driver

• The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of two DC motors at the same time.

• The module has two screw terminal blocks for the motor A and B, and another screw terminal block for the Ground pin, the VCC for motor and a 5V pin which can either be an input or output.

• The Enable A and Enable B pins are used for enabling and controlling the speed of the motor. Arduino generates a PWM signal on the Enable A pin.The duty cycle of this signal determines the motor speed.

• IN1 and IN2 pins control the direction of rotation of motor -

  IN1 = HIGH , IN2 = LOW --> motor moves backward

  IN1 = LOW , IN2 = HIGH --> motor moves forward

Here's the image of the experiment Here's the working video of the experiment

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TASK 10 : LED Toggle using ESP32

The ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power microcontroller (MCU) with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

Components Used-

• ESP32 Board
• LED - 2 nos
• 330 ohms resistor - 2
• Breadboard
• Jumper Wires

Connections-

• One LED - GPIO 26
• Another LED - GPIO 27

Working

1. Connect the ESP32 to computer via USB cable.
2. Upload the code into the Arduino IDE.
3. Select the correct device name and port.
4. Enter the correct network ssid and password.
5. After compilation, find the ESP32's IP address in the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE.
6. Open browser and type the IP Address. A webpage with buttons to turn the LED ON and OFF appears. On clicking the links on the webpage,the ESP32 controls the GPIO pins to turn the LEDs ON or OFF. Here's the working video of this task

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TASK 11 : Soldering

Soldering is the process of joining two or more electronic parts together by melting solder around the connection.

Soldering Tools-

1. Soldering Iron
2. Soldering Station
3. Conventional Sponge
4. Soldering Iron Stand
5. Solder

Procedure-

1. Mount the components and secure it well.
2. Apply solder to the joint while touching both copper pad and LED.
3. After cooling, desolder it. Here's the video of this task

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TASK 12 : 555 Astable Multivibrator

The 555 Timer IC can be connected in an Astable mode to produce a very stable 555 Oscillator circuit for generating highly accurate free running waveforms whose output frequency can be adjusted by means of an externally connected RC tank circuit consisting of just two resistors and a capacitor.

Components Used-

1. 555 IC Timer
2. 0.01 uF Capacitor
3. 1 kohms resistor
4. 2 kohms resistor
5. VRPS

Circuit Diagram- Formulas Used-

t1 = 0.693(R1 + R2).C
t2 = 0.693 x R2 x C
T = t1 + t2
f = 1/T
Duty Cycle = Ton/ (Ton + Toff) = (R1 + R2)/(R1 + 2R2) %

Required Duty Cycle - 60%

Below is the image of the output with 58.65% duty cycle

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TASK 13 : Karnaugh Maps and Deriving the Logic Circuit

Karnaugh map is a diagram that can be used to simplify a Boolean algebra expression. K-maps are used to optimize digital circuits, especially in the design of combinational logic circuits.

We had to derive a K map for a burglar alarm system where the buzzer has to be activated when certain conditions are met.

Below is the image of my solution for the case given in the description of task

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TASK 14 : Active Participation

I had participated in ElectroAuction in Impetus 24.0. Below is the image of my participation certifcate

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TASK 15 : Datasheets Report writing

L293D H-bridge motor driver is the most commonly used driver for Bidirectional motor driving applications. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction.

H-Bridge Working-

A H bridge is an electronic circuit that allows a voltage to be applied across a load in any direction. A H-bridge is fabricated with four switches like S1, S2, S3 and S4. When the S1 and S4 switches are closed, then a +ve voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening the switches S1 and S4 and closing the switches S2 and S3, this voltage is inverted, allowing invert operation of the motor. The H-bridge motor driver circuit is used to reverse the direction of the motor and also to brake the motor.

IC Pin Diagram-

Enable 1 : Master Control pin of left side

Enable 2 : Master Control Pin of right side

PWM-

Speed Control - By sending PWM signals to the enable pins, motor speed can be adjusted. Faster pulses mean higher speed.

Features -

• Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V
• High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
• Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
• Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)

Applications -

• Stepper Motor Drivers
• DC Motor Drivers
• Latching Relay Drivers

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TASK 16 : Introduction to VR

What is VR?

Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated environment with scenes and objects that appear to be real, making the user feel they are immersed in their surroundings.This environment is perceived through a device known as a Virtual Reality headset or helmet. Many people consider that one of the first Virtual Reality devices was called Sensorama. The invention dates back as far as the mid-1950s. Medicine, culture, education and architecture are some of the areas that have already taken advantage of this VR technology.

Difference between VR and AR

Virtual Reality-

• Virtual Reality creates a fully immersive digital environment or experience that simulates the real world or imaginary world.
• It generally requires a headset or a similar kind of device to immerse the user into the digital world.
• The user is isolated from the real world while in VR.
• It requires powerful hardware and software to create a realistic experience.
• Examples: PlayStation VR, Samsung Gear VR, and HTC Vive.

Augmented Reality-

• Augmented Reality overlays digital information into the real world.
• It can be accomplished through smartphones or tablets with the help of AR apps.
• The user is aware of the real world while experiencing AR.
• It requires relatively simple technology for the creation.
• Examples: Pokemon GO, Google Maps AR, and IKEA App.

VR has wide range of applications in all domains such as automotive industry, healthcare, retail, tourism, real estate, architecture, gambling, learning and development, entertainment, education. The different types of VR headsets used include-

• Gear VR
• Oculus Rift
• Meta Quest
• Sony PlayStation VR
• Valve Index VR Kit
• Wireless VR and many more.

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