5 / 6 / 2025
Task-1 : Ltspice and KiCad
Ltspice
In this task, a 555 timer IC was used to design an astable multivibrator circuit that generates a continuous square wave used to blink an LED. The design was first simulated using LTspice to analyze the voltage and pulse width characteristics of the output waveform. Key components like resistors and capacitors were selected to set the desired time period of oscillation. Simulation results verified the theoretical behavior of the circuit, confirming the output voltage.
KiCad
I designed a simple circuit using diode which gets a power supply by a 9V battery and a resistor.Proper footprints were assigned to each component, and a PCB layout was designed with appropriate routing, ground planes, and design rules. The final design was reviewed using KiCad's 3D viewer and DRC (Design Rule Check) to ensure manufacturability.
Task-2 : Point Turn of a Vehicle with Ultrasonic Sensor(Embedded)
In this task, an obstacle-avoiding system was built using an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, Arduino Uno, servo motor, and a buzzer. The aim was to simulate obstacle detection and directional change using sensor feedback and actuator control.
The ultrasonic sensor continuously measures the distance to nearby objects. When an obstacle is detected within a certain threshold, the Arduino triggers a buzzer alert and commands the servo motor to perform a point turn—rotating left or right to change direction and avoid collision.Servo motors was connected to arduino digital pins. This setup demonstrates the core concept behind autonomous robot navigation using differential movement logic.
VIDEO
Task-3 : Temperature and Humidity Detection(Embedded)
This project involved the use of two temperature sensors—LM35 (analog) and DHT11 (digital)—to monitor temperature conditions. The LM35 sensor was used to detect localized heat (such as from a soldering iron), and when the temperature crossed a preset threshold, a BJT transistor was used as a switch to turn on an LED, providing a visual alert.
Simultaneously, the DHT11 sensor measured ambient temperature and humidity, and the readings were displayed in real time on a serial monitor of Arduino IDE. This task helped in understanding both analog and digital sensor interfacing, implementing threshold-based switching, and displaying sensor data effectively using Arduino.
Task-4 : BLDC Motor And Hall Effect Sensor(Embedded)
In this task, a BLDC (Brushless DC) motor was interfaced with a Hall effect sensor to measure its rotational speed. The Hall sensor generates pulses corresponding to the motor's rotation, which are read by the Arduino to calculate the time passed. The measured speed is then displayed on the Serial Monitor. This task demonstrates practical implementation of motor speed sensing, pulse counting, and real-time signal interpretation using microcontroller-based systems.
Task-5 : Solar Tracker
This project focused on implementing a solar tracking system using Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) and a servo motor, controlled by an Arduino. Two LDRs were placed on either side of a breadboard to detect the direction of the strongest light source. The Arduino compared the light intensities from both LDRs and adjusted the servo motor position to align the panel toward the brightest light. This system enables automatic orientation of the solar panel, maximizing energy collection. The task demonstrated the principles of dual-sensor comparison logic, actuator control, and energy optimization through sun-tracking mechanisms.
TINLKERCAD
VIDEO
Task-6 : Simple Electric Circuits Simulation on MATLAB(Power Electronics)
Designed and simulated a basic electrical circuit using MATLAB Simulink. Utilized Simulink blocks to model circuit components and scopes to observe voltage, current, and frequency responses over time. This task helped in understanding circuit behavior dynamically and enhanced practical skills in circuit modeling and waveform analysis using Simulink.
Task-7 : Auto Night Lamp Using LED for Electric Vehicles(Embedded)
Designed a light-sensitive LED circuit using an LDR and a BJT transistor to simulate an automatic headlamp system for electric vehicles (EVs). The circuit was configured such that the LED turns on in low-light conditions(dark conditions), demonstrating automatic activation.
TINKERCAD
Task-8 : Buck Converter on LTspice (Power Electronics)
Designed and simulated a DC-DC buck converter circuit in LTspice to demonstrate step-down voltage conversion. Monitored input and output voltages, inductor current waveform, and switching frequency using simulation. The task provided insights into the working principle of buck converters, voltage regulation, and efficiency considerations in power electronics.
Task-9 : Utilizing Transistors as Switches and Voltage Regulators (Power Electronics)
This task involved understanding the practical application of transistors as digital switches and basic voltage regulators. Initially, an Arduino was programmed in Tinkercad to output a digital HIGH/LOW signal to the base of an NPN BJT transistor. The transistor acted as a switch to control the ON/OFF state of an LED connected in series with a current-limiting resistor.
TINKERCAD
Task-10 : LED Brightness Control Using PWM and MOSFET (Power Electronics)
This task focused on using an Arduino and an N-channel MOSFET to control the brightness of an LED through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). A PWM signal was generated using one of the Arduino's digital PWM-capable pins and connected to the gate of the MOSFET. The LED, along with a current-limiting resistor, was connected in series with the MOSFET’s drain, while the source was connected to ground.
As the Arduino varied the PWM duty cycle, the gate of the MOSFET alternately received high and low voltage signals at a high frequency. When the gate received a HIGH signal, the MOSFET turned ON, allowing current to flow through the LED (drain to source); when the signal was LOW, the MOSFET turned OFF, stopping the current flow. By adjusting the ratio of ON to OFF time (duty cycle), the average power delivered to the LED changed, thereby controlling its brightness.
The simulation demonstrated that a higher duty cycle (e.g., 80%) resulted in a brighter LED, while a lower duty cycle (e.g., 25%) made the LED dimmer. This experiment helped in understanding how MOSFETs function as efficient electronic switches and how PWM is used in real-world applications like motor control, LED dimming, and power regulation.
VIDEO
Task 11 - AC to DC Conversion and Observing Direct DC vs. Rectified DC (Power Electronics)
In this task, an AC-like signal was generated using Arduino’s PWM output, which was then converted to DC using a simple half-wave rectifier circuit. However Arduino itself cannot generate pure Ac,I simulated Ac using PWM by switching a digital pin ON and OFF .
1. LED Powered by Direct DC Source (Battery):**
In the first part of the experiment, the LED was powered directly using a constant DC voltage source, such as a battery. The LED glowed steadily and brightly, indicating a stable and uninterrupted power supply. This demonstrated how a pure DC source provides continuous current, resulting in consistent brightness without flickering.
2. LED Powered by Rectified DC Output from PWM + Diode + Capacitor:
In the second part, an Arduino was used to generate a PWM signal to simulate an AC-like waveform. This signal was passed through a diode to allow only the positive cycles (half-wave rectification) and then filtered using a capacitor to smooth the signal. The LED connected to this output glowed but with slightly less brightness and occasional flicker compared to the battery-powered LED. This highlighted the effect of ripple in the rectified DC and showed how filtering improves the DC quality, though not as perfectly as a stable DC source.
VIDEO
Task-12 : Generating an AC-Like Signal Using a 555 Timer and MOSFETs (Power Electronics)
In this task, a 555 Timer IC was configured in astable mode to generate a continuous square wave signal. This signal was used to alternately switch between a N-channel MOSFET and a P-channel MOSFET in a push-pull configuration. As the 555 timer output toggles between HIGH and LOW, one MOSFET connects the load to ground while the other pulls it up to Vcc. This switching action produces an AC-like square waveform across the load. However the cicruit is connected to arduino which itself cannot generate an ac like waveform so i simulated AC using Arduino PWM digital pin connected to led,which turns ON when the output of 555 timer is HIGH.
VIDEO
Task-13 : Wireless Charger Simulation on Tinkercad (Power Electronics)
In this task, we simulated an Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system on Tinkercad using basic circuit components to demonstrate the concept of wireless charging. A transmitter coil was powered by a square wave signal (generated using a 555 Timer or Arduino PWM), and a receiver coil was placed nearby to wirelessly receive the induced voltage.
The received AC voltage was rectified and smoothed using a capacitor to produce a DC voltage. This DC voltage was used to light an LED, serving as a visual indication of successful power transfer.
