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Marvel Level 1 Report

20 / 3 / 2025

Marvel Level 1

Electronics Design

1.Engineer's Swiss Army Knife

Objective: To create a Matlab account and complete the Matlab Onramp course.

MATLAB is a programming and numeric computing platform for engineering and scientific applications like data analysis, signal and image processing, control systems, wireless communications, and robotics.

Matlab Onramp is a free two-hour, self-paced, interactive course that allows new users to learn how to use MATLAB effectively. With MATLAB Onramp users gain confidence, become comfortable with the MATLAB environment, and gain the basic skills needed to use MATLAB.

Key Learnings:

Understanding the basic commands of Matlab.
Using the Command window and Editor window.
Performing the basic operations such as arithmetic, logic and relational operation.
Creating variables and data types like arrays, matrices, strings and numbers.
Accessing and modifying elements of vectors and matrices ,it is called indexing.
Plotting graphs using the plot function and customizing plots.
Writing scripts, control statements (if-else, loops), and functions.

Workflow

Course Overview
Commands
MATLAB Desktop and Editor
1. Command Window: Where you type commands and see results.
2. Workspace: Shows all variables currently in memory.
3. Command History: Keeps track of previously executed commands.
4. Editor: Used to write, edit, and save scripts (files ending with .m).
Vectors and Matrices
1. Vectors: Row_vector = [1 2 3]; . Column_vector = [1; 2; 3];
2. Matrices:[1 2 3;4 5 6];
Array Indexing and Modification
1. Accessing elements syntax : M(R:C) where R is rows and C is columns.
2. Indexing:Indexing into a matrix is a means of selecting or modifying a subset of elements from the matrix.
Array Calculations
1. Zeros : zeros(2,2). It creates a matrix with 2 rows and 2 columns of Zero.
2. Random: rand(2,3). It creates a matrix with random numbers of 2 rows and 3 columns.
3. For element-wise multiplication or division , the syntax is X .* Y where X and Y are two equal matrices.
Function Calls 1.Just like basic programming languages like C ,C++ ,we have to create a function by keyword function and calling the function.
Documentation
Plots
1. We use the keyword plot(x,y) for plotting the graph (If we want discrete signals ,the keyword is stem(x,y))
2. The keywords xlabel and ylabel is for labelling x-axis and y-axis.
3. We can mark the points by circle and make the graph continuous , dotted line etc.
Data Import
1. Importing a data set into matlab is easier by using import filename. This command helps us to copy the data in the command window .
Logical Arrays
Programming
1. Control statements such as if-else,for and while loops are used .
Final Project
1. The Stellar Motion project uses the hydrogen alpha line (656.3 nm) to determine how fast a star is moving away from Earth by comparing the observed wavelength with the known hydrogen absorption wavelength.
2. We deal with the concept of Redshift and Blueshift by Doppler's Shift.
3. Doppler's Shift:If a star is moving away from Earth, its spectrum is redshifted (shifted to longer wavelengths), and if it's moving towards Earth, it's blueshifted (shifted to shorter wavelengths).
4. The MATLAB project aims to:
  - Find the observed wavelength of the hydrogen alpha line in a star's spectrum (HD 94028).
  - Compare this observed wavelength to the known wavelength of hydrogen absorption (656.3 nm).
  - Calculate the star's velocity using the Doppler shift formula.
Conclusion

Certificate

2.Cut,Pass,Repeat

Objective :To learn about Band Pass filter.

Task: To design a second order Band Pass filter using IC747 that amplifies the signal to roughly 1.5 times the original signal.Cutoff range between 4kHz and 10kHz.

Platform : LT spice

A bandpass filter is a device or circuit that allows frequencies within a specific range (the passband) to pass through while attenuating or blocking frequencies outside that range.

We have 2 types of Band pass filters

Active Band pass filter :These filters use active components like operational amplifiers to achieve the desired frequency response.
Passive Band Pass filter : These filters use passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors to achieve the desired frequency response.

Construction :Bandpass filters can be constructed by combining a high-pass filter (allowing high frequencies to pass) and a low-pass filter (allowing low frequencies to pass).

IC 747: The LM747 is ageneral purpose dual operational amplifier.The two amplifiers share a common bias network and power supply leads.

Features of LM747

No frequency compensation required
Short-circuit protection
Wide common-mode and differential voltage ranges
Low power consumption
No latch-up
Balanced offset null

Pinout

Design

LT Spice output

4.From Low to Woah!!!!

Objective: Voltage multiplier using capacitor pumps and a 555 Timer IC. Task: Pump up 9V to 18V at first, then cascade the pump to get 27V.

What does a voltage multiplier do?

A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts a lower AC voltage to a higher DC voltage using a combination of diodes and capacitors. It does this without using a transformer, which makes it useful in applications where compact size or weight is important

Applications:

High-voltage power supplies
CRT displays
Microwave ovens
Photomultiplier tubes

How It Works :

Capacitors charge during one half of the AC cycle.
Diodes control the direction of current flow.
On the next half-cycle, the capacitors stack their voltages together, effectively increasing the total output voltage.

Name	Quantity	Component
U1	1	Timer
R1 R2 R3	3	1 kΩ Resistor
C1	1	0.01 micro Farad Capacitor
C2	1	10 micro Farad, 16 V Polarized Capacitor
BAT1	1	9V Battery
T1	1	Small Signal NMOS Transistor
C3 C5 C4	3	1 micro Farad Capacitor
D1 D2 D3	3	Diode
Meter1 Meter2	2	Voltage Multimeter

The components mentioned above are used in the circuit.

555 timer is used for continuous alternating pulse i.e astable mode. Astable mode is done in leveL 0 .
NMOS transistor is used as a switch driven by square wave.
Capacitors are used to Store charge temporarily ,Transfer energy to the next stage in the circuit and Stack voltages on top of each other through timed charging and discharging.
Diodes are used to Control the direction of current flow — only forward , Prevent backflow of charge from one stage to another and Allow capacitors to charge or discharge only in the intended direction, synchronizing with the oscillator or switching signal.

Simulation

5. The Power Shuffle: Buck-Boost Edition

What does a Boost converter do? A boost converter is a type of DC-DC converter that increases (boosts) a lower input voltage to a higher output voltage. It's widely used in battery-powered devices, power supplies, and renewable energy systems. How It Works:

The boost converter uses an inductor, switch (like a MOSFET), diode, and capacitor to step up voltage.

Two Main Phases:

Switch ON (Energy Storage Phase): The switch closes (conducts), and current flows through the inductor. The inductor stores energy as a magnetic field. The diode blocks current from flowing to the output.
Switch OFF (Energy Transfer Phase): The switch opens. The magnetic field collapses, and the inductor generates a voltage in the same direction as the input. This adds to the input voltage, pushing energy through the diode to the output capacitor/load.

What does a Buck converter do? A buck converter is a type of DC-DC converter that steps down voltage from its input (supply) to its output (load). It's widely used in power electronics to efficiently reduce voltage levels while maintaining good energy efficiency.

Key Features:

Input Voltage > Output Voltage
High efficiency (typically over 90%)
Uses switching elements like a transistor (usually a MOSFET), diode, inductor, and capacitor

Basic Working Principle:

When the switch (transistor) is ON, current flows through the inductor to the load, storing energy in the inductor.
When the switch is OFF, the inductor maintains current to the load by releasing its stored energy through the diode.

6. 4 Bits to Rule them

**Task:**To design and implement a 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in CircuitVerse. The ALU should perform the following operations: addition, subtraction (using 2’s complement), and logical operations (AND, OR, XOR). You must also design a control unit to select the desired operation based on input signals and display the result along with any carry/overflow flags when applicable.

Operations carried out in the ALU

1. Addition The addition operation is carried out by ripple carry adder. Ripple carry adder is made by connecting the carry out bit to carry in bit of other adder. Full Adder Sum=A^B^Cin Carry-in= AB+(Cin(A^B))

2.Subtractor This operation is done by full Subtractors Full Subtractors Difference=~A^B^Bin Borrow=(~AB)+(~(A^B)Bin)

3.AND Operation Y=A&B

4.OR operation Y=A|B

5.Comparators A comparator is a combinational circuit that compares two binary numbers and determines their equality or magnitude relationship.

Multiplexer A Multiplexer (MUX) is a combinational circuit that selects one of several input signals and forwards it to a single output line based on select lines.

Basic Concept:

Inputs: Multiple data inputs (e.g., D0, D1, D2, D3)
Select Lines: Control lines to choose which input goes to the output
Output: Only one input is passed at a time

Flags

Flags are special status bits in a processor or ALU that indicate the result of an arithmetic or logic operation. They help **control program flow ** and decision-making.

1.Zero flag:Set if the result of an operation is zero
2.Overflow Flag:Set if there's arithmetic overflow in signed operations.
3.Carry Flag:Set if there's a carry out from the most significant bit (in addition).
4.Sign Flag:Set if the result is negative (MSB = 1 in signed operations).

Simulation

8. Convolution Countdown

Task : Learn basics of DSP including an introduction to signals, systems and mathematical transforms such as Z-Transform and Fourier Transform. Perform a simple Linear Convolution in MATLAB for two 4 sample discrete signals.

Signals

A signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon.

Types of Signals:

Continuous-timeDefined at every instant of time Sine wave, analog audio
Discrete-timeDefined only at specific times (samples) Digital clock ticks
Periodic Repeats over time Sinusoid, square wave
AperiodicDoes not repeat Voice signal, random noise
DeterministicPredictable Cos(2πt), constant signals
RandomUnpredictable Noise, stock market signals

Systems

A system processes an input signal to produce an output signal.

Types of Systems:

Linear Obeys superposition (additivity & homogeneity)
Time-Invariant Properties don’t change over time
Causal Output depends only on current and past inputs
Stable Bounded input gives bounded output (BIBO stability)
LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) Most common system model, widely analyzed

Fourier transform

The Fourier Transform converts a continuous-time signal from the time domain to the frequency domain.

*Definition: X(f) = integral{-inf to inf}[x(t)e^(-jwt)dt x(t): Time-domain signal X(f): Frequency-domain representation Used for: Continuous-time, periodic or aperiodic signals Inverse FT: Converts back to time domain

Purpose:

Analyze signal frequency content
Design filters
Solve differential equations in signal processing

Z-Transforms

The Z-Transform is used for discrete-time signals and converts them from the time domain to the z-domain (complex frequency domain).

Definition:

X(z) = Sum{n=-inf to inf}x[n]z^-n x[n]: Discrete-time signal z: Complex variable z=re^jw Region of Convergence (ROC): Determines stability and causality Inverse ZT: Recovers the time-domain signal