LEVEL 1 REPORT

5 / 6 / 2025

Task 1 - LTspice and KiCad

KiCad

I started by downloading the KiCad software. Then, I was able to design a blinking light model/board using an LED, resistors, and a battery. The steps involved are:

1. Open a new project.
2. Create the schematic model using the tools.
3. Provide footprints to the components from the toolbar. Enter the assign components footprints to assign footprints to the components.
4. Check for errors using the Electrical Rules Check.
5. If there are no errors, proceed with updating the schematic to PCB.
6. Make the necessary alignments and connections in the PCB layout.
7. Click on the View option and select 3D Viewer to view the 3D model.

LTspice

Initially, I learned about LTspice, a free software tool that implements a SPICE-based electronic circuit simulator. Then I was able to design an astable multivibrator using a 555 timer in LTspice and successfully obtain a square wave output

Task 3 : Temperature And Humidity Detection

LM35

LM35 is a tiny chip that can sense temperature.It gives a voltage output that increases as the temperature increases

Working

LM35 gives analog voltage output based on temperature. Arduino reads this voltage using its analog pin . Arduino board has special pins called Analog Pins ,these pins can measure voltage levels from 0V to 5V. But Arduino doesn't show the voltage directly.

Instead, it converts the voltage into a number between 0 and 1023 using a built-in tool called an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC).It converts the voltage into temperature using formulas.

• Voltage = analogRead(A0) * (5.0 / 1024.0) // Convert analog reading to voltage.

  
  

• Temperature (°C) = Voltage * 100 // Convert voltage to temperature

DHT11

DHT11 is a small digital sensor that tells us the measure of temperature and humidity

• It gives digital output (not analog like LM35)
• Inside it has a humidity detector (measures air moisture), a thermistor (measures temperature), and a small chip that converts this into digital numbers

Task 4 - BLDC Motor And Hall Effect Sensor

Objective :

The objective of this task is to measure the speed of a BLDC (Brushless DC) motor using a Hall Effect sensor, and display the speed on the Arduino's serial monitor.

Working :

• Hall Effect: The Hall Effect is the phenomenon where a voltage difference is generated when an electric current passes through a semiconductor placed in a magnetic field. This is used in Hall Effect sensors to detect the presence of a magnetic field.

1.The Arduino reads the digital signal from the Hall Effect sensor.

2.Each time the magnet passes the sensor, it triggers a LOW signal.

3.The Arduino counts these signals and calculates the RPM by multiplying the pulses per second by 60.

4.The calculated RPM is then displayed on the serial monitor every second.

Task 7 - Solar Tracker :

Objective :

Use LDRs and a servo motor controlled by Arduino to orient a solar panel toward the strongest light source. The system maximizes solar energy collection using dual LDR comparison logic and basic actuator control.

Outcome :

The Arduino sends a signal to the servo motor .

Servo motor rotates left or right slightly based on the light imbalance.

Task 8 - Simple Electric Circuits Simulation on MATLAB

Objective :

Learn to use MATLAB and Simulink for circuit simulation. Design and simulate a simple RLC circuit or any other circuit of choice using Simulink on MATLAB.

Steps to Design a Simple RLC Circuit in MATLAB Simulink :

1. Open Simulink: Type simulink in the MATLAB command window and open a new model.
2. Get Components from Library Browser:

• DC Voltage Source (Provides power to the circuit)
  • RLC Series Branch (Represents resistor, inductor, and capacitor in series)
  • Current Measurement (Measures current in the circuit)
  • Voltage Measurement (Measures voltage across components)
  • Product Block (Performs mathematical operations like multiplication)
  • Display (Shows numerical values of measured signals)
  • Scope (Plots and visualizes signals in real-time)
  • PowerGUI (Essential for power system simulations in Simulink)

1. Connect Components: Wire them according to the circuit diagram.
2. Run Simulation: Click Run to observe results in the Scope and Display.

Task 10 - Auto Night Lamp Using LED for Electric Vehicles

Working :

The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) changes resistance based on light: In bright light LDR resistance is low and in darkness LDR resistance is high

• In the presence of light : LDR resistance is low so the Current flows through LDR and the Base of transistor gets less voltage.

in this case Transistor doesn’t turn ON since No current flows from collector to emitter hence LED is OFF.

• In the absence of light : LDR resistance is high so Less current flows through LDR and the Base gets more voltage via resistor.

in this case Transistor turns ON and Current flows from collector to emitter hence LED glows.

Task 11 - Buck Converter on LTspice

Task 12 - Wireless Charger Simulation on Tinkercad

Obective

Simulate inductive power transfer between a transmitter and receiver coil on Tinkercad using basic circuit blocks. Demonstrates wireless charging principles through virtual components and LED indication.

Task 15 - AC to DC Conversion and Observing Direct DC vs. Rectified DC

Working

PWM (AC-like signal) from Arduino: Arduino doesn’t produce real AC, but using analogWrite(), it gives a fast ON-OFF signal (PWM) on digital pins like D9.

This looks like a square wave – but it wont be exactly a square wave.

Half-Wave Rectification (Diode): A diode only allows current to flow in one direction (blocks the negative half).

So the PWM signal is chopped to keep only the positive cycles ( half-wave rectification).Filtering is done using capacitor

Connected another LED to the rectified-filtered PWM.

Observe: The battery-powered LED glows brighter and steadier than the filtered-PWM LED.

Task 16 - Generating an AC-Like Signal Using a 555 Timer and MOSFETs

*Working: *

The 555 Timer IC generates a square wave signal at a specified frequency based on the resistors and capacitors which we have conneted.

The two MOSFETs are arranged in a push-pull configuration, meaning,

When the 555 Timer output goes HIGH, the first MOSFET turns ON and conducts, while other turns OFF.

When the 555 Timer output goes LOW, second turns ON and conducts, while the other one turns OFF.

This switching alternates between the two MOSFETs, allowing the load to alternate between being pulled towards Vcc (positive voltage) and ground (negative), thus creating an AC-like square wave.

Task 2 - Point Turn of a Vehicle with Ultrasonic Sensor

Working

Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): Measures the distance using sound waves ,it emits an ultrasonic pulse and waits for the echo to return. The time taken gives the distance. The sensor constantly checks for objects. If an object is detected , it triggers an action.

For the triggered actions we used a servo motor and a buzzer