Kankana's Report
2 / 1 / 2025
Task 1: 3D Printing
Objective
The objective of this task was to learn the basics of 3D printing, understand its workflow, and successfully print a 3D model.
Experience and Learnings
I began by understanding the fundamentals of 3D printing. To start, I downloaded an STL (Stereolithography) file of the model from platforms like Thingiverse.
I used PLA (Poly Lactic Acid) as the filament. It is a biodegradable material derived from renewable resources.Using Creality Slicer software, I scaled, positioned, and sliced the model into layers, converting it into G-code suitable for the Creality Ender 3D printer.
This hands-on experience helped me understand the importance of precision in slicing and successfully printed a Doraemon model.
Task 2: API
Objective
Learn the working of an API and its applications. Using any API of your choice, build a user interface (web app, mobile app, etc.), where you can make calls and display the necessary information.
Outcome
I learned about APIs and created a weather web app using basic HTML , CSS and Javascript which helped me become familiar with API integration and its practical applications.
Task 4: Getting familiar with the Command line on Ubuntu
Objective
Understand and use the Command Line Interface (CLI) in Ubuntu.
Commands Used
mkdir(Make directory)cd(Change directory)pwd(Print working directory)touch(Create/modify files)ls(List files)cat(Concatenate files)
This task provided hands-on experience with essential CLI commands in Ubuntu.
Task 5: Kaggle Contest
Overview
I created a Kaggle account and explored the platform to familiarize myself with data science competitions and projects.
Titanic ML Competition
I participated in the Titanic Machine Learning competition, where I built a machine learning model to predict which passengers survived the Titanic shipwreck.
Results
- Training Accuracy: 92.26%
- Public Score: 0.77511
Task 6:Working with Pandas and Matplotlib
Objective
Using pandas and matplotlib, and a dataset of your choice, plot a line graph, bar graph, and scatter plot.
Learnings
I learned how to plot the below graphs using Matplotlib and used the programs (as shown in the image) to obtain the respective graphs.
Task 7: Portfolio Webpage
Objective
Create a website to showcase your portfolio - about yourself, interests, projects, social media profiles and more. It has to be responsive and also pushed to the git repository. CSS can be of your choice and any framework can be used.
I created my portfolio webpage using html and css
Task 8: Writing Resource Article using Markdown
Learnings
Markdown made writing my article easier due to its simple syntax, which helped present the content clearly and neatly.
here is the link of my article on Quantum Computing:Quantum Computing
TASK 9: Tinkercad
Radar System Simulation with Ultrasonic Sensor and Servo Motor
Objective
The objective of this task was to gain an understanding of simulations and microcontrollers. I built a radar system using an ultrasonic sensor and a servo motor, with a specific distance range.
Link to Simulation
Click here to view the simulation
TASK 10: Speed Control of DC Motor
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by adjusting the input voltage, and the most common method for doing so is using a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal. To control the direction of rotation, we simply need to reverse the direction of current flow through the motor, which is typically achieved using an H-Bridge. The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver that enables both speed and direction control for two DC motors simultaneously. In this task, I used the L298N motor driver, an Arduino UNO board, and a potentiometer to regulate the speed of the DC motor.
TASK 11: LED Toggle Using ESP32
Learnings
I first learned about the ESP32 and familiarized myself with using a breadboard. Then, I followed the circuit diagram and code provided on a website, uploading the LED toggle code to the ESP32 using the Arduino IDE app. After that, I retrieved the IP address to control the LED state and successfully performed LED toggling.
Components Required:
- ESP32 development board
- 2x 5mm LED
- 2x 330 Ohm resistors
- Breadboard
- Jumper wires
TASK 12: Soldering Prerequisites
Learnings
Learnt about soldering ,how to use solder,soldering iron,soldering wick,flux,etc.Even got to know about desoldering using copper wire.I soldered LED to pref board.Then lighted up led using battery.
Key Points
- A soldering iron is a hand tool that plugs into a standard 120v AC outlet and heats up in order to melt solder around electrical connections.
- Solder is a metal alloy material that is melted to create a permanent bond between electrical parts.
3.Soldering flux is mainly used to prepare the metal surfaces before soldering by cleaning and removing any oxides and impurities.
4.To desolder a joint, you will need solder wick which is also known as desoldering braid
TASK 14: Karnaugh Maps and Deriving the logic circuit
I created the truth table for the given situation and discovered that it resembled the behavior of an XOR gate. After deriving the K-map, I designed the circuit using an XOR gate and a buzzer. The buzzer will sound only when the door is open and the key is pressed, or when the key is not pressed and the door is closed.
TASK 15: Active Participation:
I recently participated in a workshop on 'Cyber Intelligence' organized by the Entrepreneurship Cell UVCE in association with the UVCE Graduates Association on 9th December.
TASK 16: Datasheets report writing:
Report on MQ-135 Gas Sensor: Properties, Calibrations, and Freundlich Absorption Theorem
Introduction
The MQ-135 gas sensor is a widely used electronic device that detects and measures the concentration of various gases in the air. Known for its versatility, this sensor is particularly suitable for air quality monitoring and environmental applications. It can detect gases such as ammonia (NH3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), alcohol, benzene, smoke, and carbon dioxide (CO2). Due to its affordability and efficiency, the MQ-135 is often employed in industrial, academic, and personal projects.
The core of the MQ-135 sensor consists of a tin dioxide (SnO2) semiconductor, which exhibits a high sensitivity to changes in gas concentrations. The sensor’s output is influenced by the concentration of gases, which leads to variations in its resistance. These changes can be converted into voltage signals for further analysis.
Applications of MQ-135 Gas Sensor
- Air Quality Monitoring: Detects pollutants like CO2, NH3, and NOx in the air.
- Industrial Safety: Monitors toxic gases to ensure a safe working environment.
- Home Automation: Used in smoke and gas detection s
Calibrations for Different Gases
Calibration is a crucial step to ensure accurate measurements from the MQ-135 sensor. The sensitivity of the sensor varies depending on the type of gas it encounters. Below are the calibration details for some common gases detected by the MQ-135:
1. Ammonia (NH3):
- Range: 10–00 ppm
- Calibration Value: 1.5 (Rs/R0 ratio at 20 ppm)
- Recommended Conditions: Stable temperature (20–25°C) and humidity (~60%).
2. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):
- Range: 10–50 ppm
- Calibration Value: 1.3 (Rs/R0 ratio at 10 ppm)
- Recommended Conditions: Humidity levels below 70% to avoid false readings.
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
- Range: 350–10,000 ppm
- Calibration Value: 1.8 (Rs/R0 ratio at 400 ppm)
- Recommended Conditions: Ensure proper ventilation and avoid cross-interference with other gases
Freundlich Absorption Theorem
The Freundlich Absorption Theorem describes the relationship between the concentration of a gas and its absorption on a surface. This principle is vital for understanding how the MQ-135 sensor’s tin dioxide layer interacts with gases.
The Freundlich Equation:
The Freundlich Absorption Isotherm describes the adsorption of gases on a solid surface, which can be represented by the equation:
x/m = k p^(1/n)
Where:
x/m - is the amount of gas adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent.
P - is the pressure of the gas.
k - and n are constants that depend on the system.
The Freundlich graph provides a visual representation of how different gases interact with the MQ-135 sensor. By calibrating against known gas concentrations, the sensor’s response can be mapped to this model for improved accuracy.
Conclusion
The MQ-135 gas sensor is a versatile and reliable tool for monitoring air quality. Its ability to detect various gases with high sensitivity makes it a popular choice for diverse applications. Proper calibration ensures the sensor’s effectiveness, while principles like the Freundlich Absorption Theorem offer insights into its operation.
Task 17: Introduction to VR
I experienced VR, explored its features, and carried out a comprehensive study, detailed below
Understanding Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are transformative technologies reshaping how we interact with digital and physical worlds. Here’s an in-depth look at these technologies:
Virtual Reality (VR): VR immerses users in a completely artificial, digital environment. By using VR headsets and controllers, users can explore and interact with virtual worlds, often experiencing sights and sounds that feel lifelike. Its primary applications are in gaming, simulations, training, and healthcare.
Augmented Reality (AR): AR overlays digital content on the physical world, providing a blended experience. This is achieved through devices like smartphones, tablets, or AR glasses. AR is widely used in retail, maintenance, education, and healthcare, enhancing real-world scenarios with interactive virtual elements.
Key Differences Between VR and AR
- Environment: VR creates a wholly virtual world, replacing reality, while AR enhances reality by adding digital components.
- Equipment: VR relies on headsets like Oculus Rift and HTC Vive, whereas AR often uses existing devices like smartphones or specialized glasses such as HoloLens.
- Interactivity: VR immerses users fully in digital realms, while AR combines digital elements seamlessly with the real environment.
- Applications: VR excels in immersive experiences like gaming, virtual tours, and training simulations. AR is more practical, aiding in retail displays, live navigation, and field maintenance.
- Realism: VR delivers a constructed reality; AR integrates digital tools into actual settings for enhanced usability.
Current Trends
- Hardware Advancements: Affordable and lightweight VR/AR devices with better motion tracking and haptics.
- Enterprise Use: VR improves training; AR aids in real-time maintenance and data visualization.
- Healthcare: VR supports therapy and surgical training, while AR helps with 3D mapping.
- Gaming & Entertainment: Immersive VR games and real-world AR gaming (e.g., Pokémon GO).
- Education & Retail: Interactive learning, virtual try-ons, and VR store experiences.
Technology Stack
- Hardware: Devices like Oculus Rift (VR) and HoloLens (AR).
- Software: Unity, Unreal Engine, ARKit, ARCore.
- Networks & AI: 5G, edge computing, and AI for better interactivity.
Indian Companies Leading in AR/VR
- AjnaLens: AR/VR hardware for defense, enterprise, and education.
- SmartVizX: VR for real estate and architecture.
- Scapic: Web-based immersive AR/VR tools.
- Tesseract: Consumer-friendly AR/VR devices.
- Gametion: AR-powered interactive games.
Conclusion
AR and VR are transforming industries with immersive and practical solutions. Indian innovators like AjnaLens and SmartVizX are making a global impact, paving the way for an exciting future.