10 / 6 / 2025
TASK1 : Temperature Detection
The LM35 is a low voltage, precision centigrade temperature sensor manufactured by Texas Instruments. It is a chip that provides a voltage output that is linearly proportional to the temperature in °C and is, therefore, very easy to use with an Arduino.We were reqired to perform the temperature detection
using LM35.We measured the temperature of the surrounding air as well as by providing the heat to the sensor. And the results are observed in the serial monitored the arduino IDE.
TASK 2 : Temperature and Humidity Detection
We were told to perform the temperature and humidity detection using DHT11 temperature sensor. The DHT11 is a basic, low-cost digital sensor used for measuring temperature and humidity. It is widely used in various environmental monitoring and 
TASK 3 : Solar panel
This task demonstrates how ordinary silicon diodes like 1N4007 can act as miniature solar cells. When exposed to light, especially strong sunlight, these diodes can generate a very small voltage due to the photovoltaic effect. By connecting multiple diodes together, a small solar panel can be created to power very low-current devices like an LED or multimeter reading. To construct a simple solar panel by connecting diodes in parallel and observe voltage generation under light.
TASK 4 : Auto Night Lamp Using LED for Electric Vehicles (EVs)
we were required to design a basic night lamp circuit that automatically turns on an LED in the absence of light and turns it off in bright conditions using an LDR and a BC547 transistor.
Working
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LDR: A resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity.
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BC547: An NPN transistor that acts as a switch.
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In bright light, the transistor base does not get enough voltage → LED remains OFF.
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In darkness, more voltage is supplied to the base → transistor conducts → LED turns ON.
Task 5 : Point Turn of a Vehicle
While working on this task, I learned how to make a robot do a point turn.basically, that means turning in place without moving forward or backward. It’s kind of like how a remote-control car might spin around on the spot. I used two DC motors for this, one on each side of the arduino.
To make the robot spin, I made one motor rotate forward and the other rotate in reverse at the same time. This caused the robot to rotate around its center, without actually moving in any direction. It felt pretty cool to see it working.
Task 6 : Battery Charging
While working on this task, I got the opportunity to explore how solar energy can be used to charge a Li-ion battery. I used a solar panel along with a solar charging module (like the TP4056) to build a basic solar charging setup.
The process began with connecting the solar panel to the module, which then regulated the voltage and current before delivering it to the battery. One of the key things I learned was how important it is to protect the battery from overcharging, and how the module plays a crucial role in managing this safely.
This hands-on experience gave me a clearer understanding of power electronics and how renewable energy systems are practically implemented. It was interesting to see how such a compact setup could efficiently harvest and store solar energy.
Task 7 : LED Brightness Control Using PWM and MOSFET
For this task, I worked on controlling the brightness of an LED using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) through an Arduino and an N-channel MOSFET. The objective was to understand how power electronics and signal control could be used together for light intensity modulation.
I connected the LED to the drain of the MOSFET, with the source grounded, and the gate connected to a PWM output pin on the Arduino. By writing simple code to vary the duty cycle of the PWM signal, I was able to smoothly change the LED’s brightness.
It was fascinating to observe how increasing the duty cycle made the LED brighter, while decreasing it dimmed the light. This task helped me understand the practical use of PWM in electronics and gave me hands-on experience with using a MOSFET as a switch for controlling power in a circuit.
Task 8 - Buck Converter on LTspice
The goal of this task was to design and simulate a DC-DC buck converter in LTspice. The idea was to see how the converter steps down a high DC voltage to a lower one, and also observe things like inductor current and switching frequency.
Task 9 - LTspice and KiCad
The goal of this part of the task was to simulate a 555 timer in astable mode using LTspice. The main aim was to observe how the circuit generates a square wave signal and measure its frequency and pulse width.
Using LTspice, I was able to successfully simulate a 555 timer in astable mode. The simulation helped me visualize the output waveform and understand how the component values affect frequency and pulse width. This gave me a better understanding of how timing circuits work and how to test them using SPICE-based tools.
While working on the LED Blinky simulation in KiCad, I found it a bit challenging at first. Since KiCad is a professional tool used for PCB design and simulation, the interface felt overwhelming compared to simpler platforms like Tinkercad. I had to explore a bit to understand how the schematic editor, footprint assignment, and simulation setup all work together. And Finally i managed to build the schematic of the led blinky without errors.
Task 10 -BLDC Motor And Hall Effect Sensor
As part of my embedded systems learning, I worked on a really interesting task connecting a BLDC (Brushless DC) motor with a Hall effect sensor to measure the motor’s speed using an Arduino. This hands-on task helped me understand how motor speed sensing works in real-time using magnetic signals.
I started by researching how Hall effect sensors work. I learned that these sensors can detect changes in magnetic fields and convert them into digital pulses. These pulses can then be used to calculate the speed of a rotating object in this case, the BLDC motor.
Task 11 -Solar Tracker
For this task, I created a solar tracker using LDRs, a servo motor, and an Arduino in Tinkercad. The goal was to rotate a solar panel toward the strongest light source to maximize energy collection.
I placed two LDRs on either side of the panel and wrote code to compare their light readings. When one side had more light, the servo adjusted the panel’s direction accordingly. I tested it by moving the light source in the simulator and watched the servo respond in real time.
It was fun to see how simple components can create an intelligent system. I also learned how to fine-tune the code to make the movement smoother by adding a threshold for minor light differences.
