26 / 2 / 2025
Task1:Tinkercad
The main reason behind this task was to familiarize ourselves with the Tinkercad. Working with the Tinkercad is a fun and interactive way to learn electronics. I learnt how to use this application. The task was to simulate the simple circuit using the ultrasonic sensor to estimate the distance between an obstacle and a sensor. I followed a tutorial from the youtube and built a radar system with the help of ultrasonic sensor and servo motor to detect the object within certain range. The ultrasonic sensor emits the sound waves and measure the time taken for them to bounce back, while the servo motor rotates the sensor to cover a wider area.
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The servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor step by step from one angle to another (e.g., 0° to 180°).
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After reaching the maximum angle, it reverses direction to ensure continuous scanning.
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The system can be programmed to adjust scanning speed and resolution.
Distance Measurement
The ultrasonic sensor sends an ultrasonic pulse (typically 40 kHz) and measures the time taken for the echo to return.
Distance to an object is calculated using the formula: Distance = (speed of sound x time)/2
Task2: Working with Github
This task was basically to familiarize ourselves with Github integrated workflows issues and pull request. In this task I was able to understand how Github works. The main repository was restricted to changes so it has to be forked to make changes in the code. I found an error and debugged the code and proposed it to main project through a pull request.
Task3: API
This task basically helped us build the weather webpage using api. It helped me to understand different api keys used to give real time data. It seemed quite difficult in the beginning but once i followed the youtube tutorial i found it easier to build the webpage. I also got some errors during the creating the webpage, I also got to debug them and learn a lot about creating the webpage.
| city 1 | city 2 |
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Task4:555 timer
We were required to design the 555 astable multivibrator with 60% duty cycle, an astable multivibrator is a circuit that continuously switches between two states, producing a square wave output. It's also known as a free-running multivibrator.
Formulae
Ton = 0.693 x (R1 + R2) x C
Toff = 0.693 x R2 x C
pulse width T= T1 + T2
Task5:Soldering Prerequisites
Soldering is a process that joins metal parts using a low-melting-point metal alloy called solder. We were given the led and resistor and battery to solder them to glow the led. Soldering is used to create reliable electrical connections between components by physically joining them together with a molten metal (solder), providing both mechanical support to hold the components in place and ensuring a conductive pathway for electrical current to flow through freely.
Task6: Speed control of DC Motor
In this task we were given the arduino uno and L298 motor driver to control the speed of the DC Motor. I was able to learn more about the arduino board. The Arduino UNO and the L298N Motor Driver is powered by a 12V power supply, which is also used to drive the motor. Speed Controlled using PWM pins of Arduino.
Task7:Active Participation
I have participated in the silicon symphony -VLSI workshop which was conducted by the HIEE EMPOWERING ENGINEERS PVT LTD.
I got to learn about the basics of vlsi and also the scope of vlsi in electronics.
I have participated in the "strategy sprint" the case study competition which was organised by the E-CELL UVCE. In this competition we were given the the topic to do case study on them and present it to them. By this i have improved my presentation and communication skills.
Task8: Command lines on Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a free, open-source Linux operating system that's used on millions of computers worldwide. In this task we were required to get familiar with the ubuntu command lines. In the beginning we need to create a folder named test and change its directory. Then create a blank file and display the file in the folder. Finally we were required to create 2600 folders.
Syntax:
To create a folder: mkdir folder_name
To change directory: cd folder_name
To create a blank file: touch blankfile.txt
To list the contents: ls
To create 2600 folders: mkdir -p name{1..2600} (where, -p creates a parent directory)
To create two files with text: echo "content" > file_name.txt
To concatenate the files: cat file1.txt file2.txt
Task9: Article writing using markdown
QUARTZ
Quartz crystals are widely used in electronics for their ability to provide highly stable and precise frequencies. They act as frequency control devices in oscillators, clocks, and filters.
structure
Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2. Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral.
Quartz crystal as a oscillator
The quartz crystal acts as a oscillator because it shows the piezoelectric effect was discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 , referring to the phenomenon of electric charge that accumulates on a crystal in response to the applied mechanical stress.
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. The oscillator frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. So the most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is a quartz crystal.
How Quartz Crystals Work in Electronics
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Piezoelectric Effect: Quartz exhibits the piezoelectric effect, meaning it generates an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. Conversely, when an alternating voltage is applied, the crystal vibrates at a precise frequency.
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Resonance Frequency: Quartz crystals are cut to vibrate at a specific frequency, making them ideal for precise timing applications.
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High Stability: Their frequency remains stable over time and under different temperature conditions, making them more reliable than other resonators.
Task10:datasheet writing
L293D motor driver is an integrated circuit (IC) designed to control the speed and direction of DC motors and stepper motors. It features a dual H-Bridge configuration, allowing it to independently drive two motors. By using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals, you can control motor speed, while additional control pins handle the direction of rotation. It is often used with microcontrollers like Arduino and Raspberry Pi, it serves as a bridge between low-power control signals and higher-power motor requirements. It’s widely utilized in applications such as robotic cars and any project requiring precise motor control. Its versatility and ease of use make it a popular choice for both beginners and advanced electronics enthusiasts.
Type: Dual H-Bridge Motor Driver
Voltage Range: Typically 5V to 46V
Current Handling: Up to 2A per channel
Motors Supported: DC motors and stepper motors
Control: PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for speed control and direction control pins
PWM(pulse width modulation)
PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation, a widely used technique in electronics and electrical engineering to control the amount of power delivered to a device. It works by rapidly switching a signal between on and off states, varying the width of the "on" pulse to control the average power delivered.
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that allows a voltage to be applied across a load (such as a motor) in either direction, enabling bidirectional control. It is commonly used to control the direction and speed of DC motors, but it can also be used for other applications like driving solenoids or LEDs. Below is a detailed explanation of H-bridges.
What is an H-Bridge?
An H-bridge is named for its H-shaped configuration of switches (usually transistors or MOSFETs) that control the flow of current through a load. By toggling these switches, you can:
- Apply voltage in one direction to rotate a motor forward.
- Reverse the voltage to rotate the motor backward.
- Apply no voltage to stop the motor.
- Use PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) to control the motor's speed.
