7 / 7 / 2024

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LEVEL 1 TASKS

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TASK 1 : 3D PRINTING

Steps to be followed a print a 3d model :

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1. Design or obtain a 3D model: Create your own model using software like Blender, Tinkercad, or Fusion 360, or download a pre-made model from websites like Thingiverse or MyMiniFactory.

2. Prepare the model for printing: Ensure the model is solid, watertight, and oriented correctly. Repair any errors or gaps using tools like Netfabb or Mesh mixer.

3. Slice the model into layers: Use slicing software like Cura, Slic3r, or Simplify3D to convert the 3D model into a series of 2D layers.

4. Choose printing settings: Select the appropriate printing material, layer height, infill density, and support options.

5. Load the file into the 3D printer: Transfer the sliced file to the printer via USB, SD card, or Wi-Fi.

6. Start the print job: Initialize the printing process, and monitor the printer's progress.

7. Post-processing: Remove supports, sand, paint, or apply other finishes as needed.

TASK 2:LED TOGGLE USING ESP32:

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Components required:

1. ESP32 board (e.g., ESP32 DevKitC or ESP32 WROVER)
2. LED
3. Breadboard and jumper wires
4. Micro-USB cable
5. Computer with internet connection

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Steps to be followed:

1. Connect the LED to a digital pin on the ESP32 board (e.g., GPIO 2).
2. Install the ESP32 Arduino Core on your computer.
3. Write a simple code using Arduino IDE to toggle the LED on and off.
4. Upload the code to the ESP32 board.
5. Use a serial monitor or a mobile app to send commands to the ESP32 to toggle the LED.

TASK 3:ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR(555 TIMER)

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Components Required :

1. 555 timer
2. Resistors(R1 ,R2)
3. Capacitors(c1,c2)
4. Bread Board and jumper wires
5. Supply and function generator

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Aim : To achieve 60% duty cycle

DUTY CYCLE : The duty cycle is a crucial concept that describes the proportion of time a signal spends in the active state compared to its total period.

formula for duty cycle is = (R1+R2)/(R1+2R2)

To achieve a duty cycle of 60% approximately we use 3.3kohms and 1kohms resistors and a capacitor of 0.01microfarads

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Steps to be followed :

1. connections are made as per circuit diagram shown below

2. All the connections are verified and then the supply is turned on the output waveforms are observed on the function generator.

3. The input sine wave is converted into a rectangular/square wave.

TASK 4 : SOLDERING PREREQUISITES

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Soldering: A process of joining two metal pieces using a filler metal (solder) with a melting point below 450°C (842°F). The solder is applied to the joint, melted using a soldering iron or torch, and allowed to cool and solidify, forming a strong and conductive bond between the two pieces.

Some key aspects of soldering include:

• Filler metal (solder): Typically made of tin, lead, or silver, with a low melting point.
• Soldering iron or torch: Used to apply heat to melt the solder.
• Flux: A substance applied to the joint to remove oxidation and promote wetting (flow) of the solder.
• Joint: The area where the two metal pieces are joined together.

Soldering is widely used in various industries, including:

1. Electronics (e.g., circuit boards, wiring)
2. Plumbing (e.g., copper pipes)
3. Jewelry making
4. Metal fabrication

TASK 5 : SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

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Aim :To control the speed of 5V BO moto(DC)Using an Arduino UNO R3 and H-Bridge L298N motor driver.

Components required :

1. 5v BO motor (A DC motor with a gearbox fixed in it).
2. Arduino UNO R3 board.
3. H-Bridge L298N IC
4. Bread Board and jumper wires
5. computer and internet connection

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Steps to be followed :

1. Design the required circuit using tinker cad

2. Make the necessary hardware connections

3. Install the Arduino Core on your computer.

4. Write a simple code using Arduino IDE to control the speed of BO motor

5. Upload the code to the Arduino (The speed of motor can be controlled )

Here, L298N IC is used between a motor and Arduino because it's a motor driver IC that enables the Arduino to control the motor's direction and speed.

Some other benefits of using the L298N IC include:

• Overcurrent protection
• Thermal shutdown
• Undervoltage protection
• Enable/Disable input for motor control
• Basically allows motor to operate smoothly

TASK 6 : TINKERCAD

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Aim :

1. create a Tinker cad account
2. To design a simple circuit using an ultrasonic sensor and servo motor to estimate the distance between an obstacle and the sensor

TINKERCAD: it is useful interface to design electronic circuits or design a 3D models

Components required :

1. Arduino UNO R3.
2. Ultrasonic distance sensor.
3. servo motor.

Steps to be followed :

1. Firstly all the required connections are made.
2. Arduino is programmed using a simple code.

Valuable Insights :

1. understood Tinker cad user interface.
2. understood example circuits.
3. understood the techniques of circuit designing.

TASK 7 : WORKING WITH GITHUB

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Aim: To understand GithUb intergrated workflows(ie. about forks and pull requests)

What is the use of FORK : A fork in GitHub is a copy of a repository (repo) that allows the user freely experiment and modify the code without affecting the original repo.

Forking is a key feature of GitHub that enables collaboration and innovation.

How this collabration works :

1. First the repo is copied (using fork).

2. The neccesary changes are made / the main code is improved by the user.

3. After making all the necessary changes a pull request is created to the main user (ie.the owner of that domain ).

4. If the main user finds it usefull,he/she can merge the pull request.

Successfully resolved the issue in main.py and raised a pull request

TASK 8 : WORKING WITH PANDAS AND MATPLOTLIB

Matplotlib is a powerful and versatile plotting library for Python. It provides a wide range of visualization tools, including line plots, histograms, scatter plots, bar charts, and more.

With Matplotlib, you can customize your plots with various options, such as labels, titles, legends, colors, and fonts.

Its flexibility and ease of use make it a popular choice among data scientists, researchers, and engineers for data visualization and analysis.

Aim : To plot a line, bar/histogram and scatter graphs

Applications used : Jupyter Notebook

steps :

1. Firstly, the matplotlib is imported using import matplotlib.pyplot as plt.

2. Data is added with set of instructions.

3. For line graph we use plt.plot(data variables),for histogram we use plt.hist(data variables), for scatter plot we use plt.Scatter(data variables).

Set of commands followed by graphs are displayed below :

TASK 9 : KARNAUGH MAPS AND DERIVING THE LOGIC CIRCUIT

Aim : For 4 cases, based on door lock/open and key pressed/not pressed. Determine the karnaugh map and make a burglar alarm using simple logic circuits.

Steps :

1. Analysing the given conditions and determining the truth table.

2. Finding min terms using K-MAP and designing a simple logic circuit using logic gates

MY ANALYSIS AND LOGUC CIRCUIT ARE DISPLAYED BELOW :

TASK 10 : WRITING A RESOURCE ARTICLE USING MARKDOWN LANGUAGE

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MAGNETIC LEVITATION

Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Maglev, short for magnetic levitation, is a groundbreaking technology that allows objects to float and move without physical contact with their surroundings. Here’s how it works:

1.Superconducting Magnets: Imagine a train car suspended above a U-shaped concrete guideway. Instead of wheels, this train uses superconducting magnets. These magnets are electromagnets cooled to extreme temperatures (less than 450°F below zero or -268°C). When supercooled, they generate magnetic fields up to 10 times stronger than ordinary electromagnets.

2.Hovering and Stability: The superconducting magnets repel each other, just like ordinary magnets with matching poles. The train car becomes a “box with magnets on the four corners.” Metallic loops set into the guideway walls interact with these magnets.

Three types of loops serve crucial roles: One loop creates a field that makes the train hover about 5 inches (13 centimeters) above the guideway. Another loop keeps the train stable horizontally, preventing it from veering off track.

The third set of loops acts as a propulsion system, using alternating current power to move the train along the guideway.

3.Propulsion Mechanism: Picture a box with four magnets: two with north poles facing out at the front and two with south poles outward at the back. Electrifying the propulsion loops generates magnetic fields that both pull the train forward from the front and push it forward from behind.

4.Real-World Maglev Trains: The first commercially operated high-speed superconducting Maglev train opened in Shanghai in 2004. Japan and South Korea also have operational Maglev lines. In the United States, routes connecting cities like Baltimore and Washington, D.C., are being explored. Maglev technology promises faster, smoother, and more energy-efficient transportation. Whether it’s zipping across continents or revolutionizing urban transit, Maglev trains are a testament to human ingenuity.

Pictures from the internet :

TASK 11 : DATA SHEETS REPORT WRITING

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L293D motor driver :

Introduction: L293D is a popular motor driver IC used in various applications, including robotics, automotive, and industrial control. This report provides an overview of the L293D IC, its features, and its applications.

ICs Used: The L293D IC is a dual H-bridge driver, meaning it contains two identical H-bridge drivers. Each H-bridge driver consists of four NPN transistors (T1-T4) and four diodes (D1-D4).

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): The L293D IC supports PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) input, allowing for speed control of DC motors. PWM is a technique used to control the speed of a motor by varying the width of the pulse applied to the motor.

H-Bridge: The L293D IC uses an H-bridge configuration to drive the motor. An H-bridge is a circuit configuration that allows a motor to be driven in both forward and reverse directions.

Features:

• Dual H-bridge driver
• PWM input for speed control
• Output current up to 1A per channel
• Output voltage up to 24V
• Internal flyback diodes for back-EMF protection
• Enable input for each channel
• Logic inputs compatible with TTL and CMOS

Applications:

• DC motor control
• Stepper motor control
• Brushless DC motor control
• Industrial control systems
• Automotive systems
• Robotics

Conclusion: The L293D IC is a versatile motor driver IC that offers a range of features and applications. Its dual H-bridge configuration and PWM input make it suitable for various motor control applications.

TASK 12 : ACTIVE PARTICIPATION

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Recent activities 2024 :

1. Took part in GBUILD:SERVER EDITION at impetus 24.0,conducted by IEEE UVCE

Participation certificate :