LEVEL 1
11 / 5 / 2025
Task 1- LTspice
I designed and simulated 555 timer astable and obtained the square pulse.
Task 2- Ultrasonic Sensor
- The aim of this task was to design and build an obstacle-avoiding vehicle using the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor and a microcontroller (like Arduino) that detects obstacles and changes direction to avoid collisions.
- The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor uses sonar to measure distance. It emits an ultrasonic pulse from the Trigger (TRIG) pin and waits for the echo to return to the Echo (ECHO) pin. The time taken for the echo to return is used to calculate the distance of the object using the formula:
- Distance= (Speed of sound x Time)/2
Task 3- Temperature Detection using LM35 and DHT11
LM35
- The LM35 is a precision analog temperature sensor whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature.
- Output: 10 mV per °C
- At 25°C → Output = 250 mV
- Operating range: -55°C to +150°C
- Accuracy: ±0.5°C (typical) at room temp
- No calibration required
DHT11
- The DHT11 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor.
- The sensor has a humidity sensing component and a NTC thermistor for temperature.
- Uses a microcontroller inside to process and send data.
Task 4- BLDC motor and HALL effect sensor
- The aim of this task was to find out the speed of the BLDC motor using a Hall effect sensor.
- Hall effect sensor is a device that detects the presence and strength of a magnetic field.
- A small magnet was attached on the BLDC motor
- As the motor rotated, the Hall effect sensor detected the changing magnetic flux
Task 6- Battery charging
- The aim of this task was to charge a lithium ion battery from solar energy
- The solar charging module used here was TP4056
- A solar charging module is an electronic circuit or device that manages the charging of batteries using power generated from a solar panel.
Task 7- Solar tracker
- Using an LDR and servo motor, I was able to construct a solar tracker
- A solar tracker is device that helps a solar panel follow light.
Task 8- Simple electric circuits simulation on MATLAB
- I designed a simple RLC simulation on MATLAB to obtain its transient behaviour.
Task 9- Blink LED with STM32
- STM32 is a family of 32-bit microcontrollers
- Using PWM control, I was able to blink an LED
Task 10- Auto night lamp using LED for electric vehicles
- The aim of this task is to automatically switch on high-power LEDs (acting as night lamps) in an electric vehicle when ambient light is low, ensuring visibility and safety. This system must work efficiently without draining the EV's battery.
- LDR or light dependent resistor: This is a type of resistor whose value of resistance varies with the intensity of light falling on it:
- High resistance in dark conditions, voltage at base rises therefore transistor turns on and allows the current to flow
- Low resistance in light conditions, base voltage is not sufficient enough to turn on the transistor.
Task 11- Buck convertor on LTspice
- I designed and simulated a buck or step-down DC-DC convertor on LTspice
- Obtained the following waveforms
Task 12- Wireless charger simulation on tinkercad
- I designed and simulated inductor type wireless charger on tinkercad
- This simulation shows how energy is transferred from one coil to another in the presence of magnetic field
- It works on the principle of mutual inductance
Task 14- LED brightness control using PWM and MOSFET
- Aim- To design and construct a circuit that controls the brightness of an LED
- PWM is a technique where the duty cycle of a digital signal is varied to control power delivery.
- Based on the power delivery, the brightness of the LED varies
- Picture showcasing the brightness of LED with respect to the duty cycle and PWM:
