LEVEL 2
19 / 11 / 2023
PHOTOS LINK : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZozhGC81A4clSpBo-m37qSla0ObxIeSUkvSCTR9Pt8M/edit?usp=sharing
GENERATIVE DESIGN
VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER
https://www.tinkercad.com/things/et7WzWbGLbt-voltage-multiper-div?sharecode=j41Za4gl1pZJHINdo-ktxOCReFFNIIw-eUBojxncoFo 555 Timer Operation: The 555 timer IC can be configured in astable mode to generate a continuous stream of pulses. In this mode, it oscillates between high (Vcc) and low (0V) states based on the values of resistors and capacitors connected to it.
Voltage Multiplier Circuit: The output from the 555 timer is fed into a voltage multiplier circuit. A typical voltage multiplier circuit consists of diodes and capacitors arranged in a ladder-like configuration. The pulsating output from the 555 timer is applied across this circuit. Operation: As the pulses from the 555 timer oscillate between high and low states, they cause the voltage across the capacitors in the voltage multiplier circuit to charge and discharge. The diodes ensure that the capacitors charge in the same polarity, effectively adding their voltages together. This results in an increased output voltage compared to the input voltage.
Output Voltage: The output voltage of the voltage multiplier circuit is typically several times higher than the peak voltage of the input pulses. The exact multiplication factor depends on the configuration of the voltage multiplier circuit.
SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTING CIRCUIT
- Purpose: Short circuit protection circuits are designed to safeguard electrical circuits and components from damage caused by excessive current flow due to a short circuit.
- Detection Mechanism: These circuits typically employ current sensing mechanisms to detect abnormal current levels. Common methods include using current-sensing resistors or current transformers.
- Comparator Circuit: Once abnormal current is detected, a comparator circuit compares the sensed current with a predetermined threshold. If the current exceeds this threshold, it indicates a potential short circuit.
- Triggering Action: Upon detection of a short circuit, the protection circuit triggers a response to interrupt the current flow quickly, preventing damage to the circuit or connected devices.
- Types of Protection: There are various types of short circuit protection mechanisms, including:
- Fuse: A fuse is a sacrificial element that melts when current exceeds a certain threshold, thereby breaking the circuit.
- Circuit Breaker: Circuit breakers automatically trip and open the circuit when excessive current flows through them. They can be reset manually or automatically.
- Electronic Protection: Solid-state devices like MOSFETs or dedicated ICs can be used for electronic short circuit protection. These devices can quickly switch off the current flow when a short circuit is detected.
- Fast Response Time: Effective short circuit protection circuits respond rapidly to minimize the duration of excessive current flow, reducing the risk of damage.
- Reliability: Short circuit protection circuits must be reliable to ensure they respond accurately to short circuit events while avoiding false triggers.
- Integration: Short circuit protection circuits can be integrated into various electronic systems, including power supplies, motor drivers, and electronic appliances, to enhance safety and reliability.
- Testing and Verification: Before deployment, short circuit protection circuits undergo rigorous testing to ensure they function correctly under various operating conditions and respond appropriately to short circuit events.
- Compliance: Depending on the application and industry standards, short circuit protection circuits may need to comply with specific regulatory requirements to ensure safety and reliability in use.
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Opening
Inlet 1
Surface ID = 6
Node near Minimum , Z of opening = 1020
Minimum , Z of opening = 3.750724, -34.622105, -13.157265
Mass Flow In = 2165.6 g/s
Volume Flow In = 1.79758e+06 cm^3/s
Reynolds Number = 467208
Inlet Bulk Pressure = 28435.6 dyne/cm^2 Inlet Bulk Temperature = 0 C Inlet Mach Number = 0.0786829
Total Mass Flow In = 2165.6 g/s
Total Vol. Flow In = 1.79758e+06 cm^3/s *** Unknown 1 ***
Surface ID = 7
Node near Minimum , Z of opening = 1102
Minimum , Z of opening = 11.101314, -34.622105, -10.210902
Mass Flow For Unknown = -2069.07 g/s
Volume Flow For Unknown = -1.71745e+06 cm^3/s Reynolds Number = 253103 Bulk Pressure = 9975.7 dyne/cm^2 Bulk Temperature = -0 C
Analysis Statistics:
Input: 2 seconds Analysis: 13 seconds Output: 0 seconds Total: 15 seconds
To calculate lift force
Chord length (c): 410.00 mm Wingspan (b): 200 mm Angle of attack (α): 16 degrees We can calculate the surface area (A) of the airfoil using the formula:A=c×b (410.00mm)×(200mm) A=(410.00mm)×(200mm) =82000 mm2 A=82000mm2
Now, we have the surface area of the airfoil. To calculate the lift force (lift F lift), we need the pressure difference (ΔP) between the upper and lower surfaces. From the provided data, the pressure difference is 7.53×103 dyne/cm 27.53×10 3 dyne/cm 2
lift =ΔP×A lift=(7.53×103dyne/cm 2)×(82000mm2) F lift=(7.53×10 3 dyne/cm 2)×(82000mm 2)
Now, we need to convert units to ensure consistency: 1 dyne/cm2=0.1Pa 1dyne/cm2 lift =(7.53 Pa)×(0.0082m2) F lift=(7.53Pa)×(0.0082m2)
lift =61.726NF lift=61.726N
So, the calculated lift force is approximately 61.726 N.
GENERATIVE DESIGN
Generative design is a process in which computer algorithms explore a vast range of possible designs, using specified parameters and constraints, to generate numerous potential solutions. These algorithms can mimic evolutionary processes such as genetic algorithms or utilize other computational methods to iteratively generate and evaluate designs based on user-defined criteria.
LEVEL 2
PROTOTYPING
SOURCING AND MATERIAL SELECTION
Create a list of inventory required to make an ELECTRIC BICYCLE Parameters to keep in mind Max weight`= 90kg Max speed = 40kmph Max range = 50km per charge Furnish a detailed report for the same.
FRAME :
![3D PRINTING)(https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1F2nzbrfEo_DvyaPUwQ0NNTd_RbEAB5q9)
- Material: Aluminum alloy 6061, chosen for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. Example: 6061-T6 alloy.
- Geometry: Custom-designed frame geometry, balancing stability and comfor chieved through advanced CAD modeling and structural analysis.
- Weight: Frame weight optimized to contribute to the overall weight limit of 90kg without compromising structural integrity.
- Color Options: Powder-coated finish, offering a variety of colors for customer choice.
ELECTRIC MOTOR :
- Type: Brushless DC hub motor for efficiency and minimal maintenance requirements. Example: Bafang G510 500W.
BATTERY :
- Type: High-capacity lithium-ion battery pack, utilizing NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) chemistry for optimal energy density and cycle life.
- Capacity: 36V, 10Ah, providing sufficient energy for a range of 50 km per charge.
- Charging Time: 4-6 hours for a full charge using a standard electric bicycle charger.
- Weight: Battery weight included in the overall weight limit, contributing to the balanced design. (Approximately 1.8 kg , can vary depending specific battery model, design, and other factors)
THROTTLE AND PEDAL ASSIST SYSTEM :
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- Throttle: Twist grip or thumb throttle for user convenience, using robust yet cost-effective materials.
- Pedal Assist: Three-level pedal-assist system with integrated sensors for a seamless transition between pedal and electric power.
BRAKING SYSTEM :
- Type: Hydraulic disc brakes for reliable and efficient stopping power, employing materials like forged aluminum for durability.
- Brake Levers: Integrated cutoff switches, made from high-quality materials to withstand prolonged use.
- Maintenance: Low-maintenance design, reducing the overall cost of ownership.
WHEELS AND TIRES :
- Size: 26-inch wheels for a balanced combination of speed and stability.
- Tires: Puncture-resistant, all-terrain tires utilizing materials like Kevlar for durability and reduced maintenance.
SUSPENSION SYSTEM :
- Type: Front suspension fork with adjustable preload, utilizing materials like magnesium alloy for a lightweight yet sturdy construction.
- Travel: 80mm travel for effective shock absorption, enhancing rider comfort.
TRANSMISSION :
- Gearing System: 7-speed Shimano gearing system for versatility, using materials like stainless steel for rust resistance.
- Chain: High-quality rust-resistant chain for durability, such as the Shimano HG40.
CONTROLLER :
- Type: Intelligent electronic controller for efficient power management, incorporating cost-effective yet reliable components.
- Connectivity: USB port for firmware updates and diagnostics, promoting adaptability and user-friendly maintenance.
LIGHTS :
- Front Light: LED headlight for visibility and safety, using energy-efficient Cree LEDs.
- Rear Light: Integrated LED rear light with brake light functionality, enhancing overall visibility.
FRAME ACCESSORIES:
- Mounting Points: Integrated mounting points for racks, fenders, and accessories, designed for adaptability and convenience.
- Compatibility: Ensure compatibility with widely available accessories, promoting versatility.
SEATING :
- Saddle: Ergonomically designed saddle for comfort, utilizing materials like synthetic leather for durability.
- Adjustability: Adjustable seat height for different rider preferences, enhancing adaptability.
HANDLEBARS AND GRIPS:
- Type: Ergonomic handlebars for a comfortable riding position, using materials like aluminum alloy for lightweight durability.
- Grips: Non-slip rubber grips for better control, ensuring rider safety.
PEDALS:
- Type: Durable and lightweight pedals with a grippy surface, made from materials like reinforced nylon for strength.
- Reflectors: Integrated reflectors for visibility in low light conditions, enhancing safety.
CHAIN AND CHAINRING:
- Chain Material: High-quality rust-resistant chain, utilizing materials like stainless steel for longevity.
- Chainring: Customized chainring for optimal speed and torque, made from durable aluminum alloy.
CABLES AND WIRING :
- Material: High-quality, weather-resistant wiring for electrical connections, ensuring reliability and durability.
- Organization: Neat cable management system for a clean appearance, promoting ease of maintenance.
KICKSTAND
- Type: Sturdy and adjustable kickstand for easy parking and stability, using materials like reinforced steel for durability and strength.
DISPLAY :
- Type: LCD or LED display for real-time information, incorporating materials like shatter-resistant glass for durability.
- Readouts: Speed, battery level, distance traveled, and assist level, providing comprehensive feedback to the rider.
SECURITY FEATURES :
- Locking System: Integrated lock or locking points for enhanced security, using robust materials to deter theft.
- Alarm System: Optional alarm system for theft deterrence, enhancing overall security.
USER MANUAL AND DOCUMENTATION :
- Comprehensive Manual: In-depth user manual for assembly, maintenance, and troubleshooting, utilizing sustainable materials for printed documentation.
- Online Resources: Provide online- e resources for additional support, ensuring accessibility and adaptability.