Level 2
5 / 6 / 2025
Task 1: Battery Capacity Measurement
Aim is of this task is to monitor a Li-ion battery's voltage using Arduino and disconnect the load via a MOSFET when the voltage drops below a safe level.
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Battery voltage read through Arduino analog input using a voltage divider.
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The circuit was simulated and tested successfully in Tinkercad.
Here is my Tinkercad Simulation
Task 2: Battery Charging
In this task, a Li-ion battery was charged using a solar panel and a solar charging module. A diode was incorporated to prevent backflow of current and ensure proper charging direction. The solar panel provided the necessary power, while the charging module regulated the voltage and current to safely charge the battery.
Task 3:Temperature and Humidity Detection
Aim of this project is to design a system that detects temperature and humidity using the LM35 and DHT11 sensors and displays the readings on the serial monitor.
Working
LM35 Sensor
The LM35 is an analog temperature sensor that outputs a voltage proportional to the ambient temperature. This voltage is read by the microcontroller and converted into Celsius using the formula:
Temperature (°C) = Voltage (mV) / 10
DHT11 Sensor
The DHT11 is a digital sensor that measures both temperature and humidity. It uses a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor and sends the data in digital form to the microcontroller, which then displays it on the serial monitor.
Link to Git hub repository for code
Task 4: Speed and direction Control of DC Motor
In this task, we controlled the speed and direction of a DC motor using the dual H-Bridge L293D motor driver. The L293D consists of eight transistors arranged in two separate H-Bridge circuits, allowing the motor to spin in both directions using input pins. The motor's speed was varied using a potentiometer and the motor driver, while the direction was controlled by changing the input pin combinations, enabling forward or reverse motion.
Task 5: Point Turn of a Vehicle
It is the ability of a vehicle to rotate around its own axis without moving the vehicle. This can be achieved by moving one wheel in forward and other in backward direction, this causes vehicle to rotate around its own axis.
Task 6: Solar Tracker
In this task, LDRs and a servo motor controlled by Arduino were used to adjust the solar panel’s orientation toward the strongest light source, maximizing energy collection. The system compared light levels from two LDRs to control the servo moto.
The entire setup was simulated in Tinkercad.
Here is my Tinkercad Simulation
Task 7: Auto Night Lamp Using LED for Electric Vehicles
In this task, we had to design a light-sensitive LED circuit using an LDR and a BJT transistor. The LED turns on when light levels drop, simulating an automatic headlamp system for electric vehicles (EVs). The circuit was tested by using a mobile flashlight to detect changes in light intensity.
Task 8: Buck Converter on LTspice
In this task, we had to design and simulate a DC-DC buck converter in LTspice. The simulation allowed us to observe the input and output voltages, inductor current waveform.
Task 9: Utilizing Transistors as Switches and Voltage Regulators
This task required us to use an Arduino to control an LED via a transistor as a digital switch and simulate the voltage drop across the LED when the transistor was added, using Tinkercad.
Here is my Tinkeracad Simulation
Here is my Tinkercad Simulation
Task 10: LED Brightness Control Using PWM and MOSFET
This task required us to use an Arduino and an N-channel MOSFET to control LED brightness via PWM, adjusting the duty cycle to vary the LED's brightness.
Here is my Tinkercad Simulation
Task 11: AC to DC Conversion and Observing Direct DC vs. Rectified DC
This task required us to simulate an AC signal using Arduino's PWM output, then convert it to DC using half-wave rectification with a diode to block the negative cycle and a capacitor to filter the signal, producing rectified DC. We compared the LED brightness when powered by a direct DC source (battery) versus the rectified DC output.
Here is my Tinkercad Simulation
Task 12: Building a Basic H-Bridge Motor Driver using MOSFETs
This task required us to design and build a basic H-Bridge motor driver circuit using N-Channel and/or P-Channel MOSFETs to control the direction of a DC motor with digital signals.
Here is my Tinkercad Simulation
Task 13: LTspice and KiCad
Design and simulate a 555 timer-based astable multivibrator using LTspice to observe frequency and pulse width behavior. Use KiCad to create a schematic of an LED blinking circuit and design a PCB layout with proper footprints and routing.
Task 14: BLDC Motor and Hall Effect Sensor
Aim of this task is to detect and monitor the speed of a BLDC motor using a Hall effect sensor by capturing its signal output, enabling real-time speed analysis and understanding of motor behavior. The final output could not be recorded due to the unavailability of the required mangnet.
