MARVEL REPORT
3 / 1 / 2025
INTRODUCTION TO REPORT
This is a report on the tasks completed between November 20th to December 31st, 2024.
TASK 1: 3D Printing
This task involves understanding the working of a 3D Printer and creating our first 3D Print.
I have made a 3D-Print of Pascal (chameleon) from Tangled. I have added tree supports for my model.
TASK 2: API
The main objective of this task was to build a user interface (web app, mobile app, etc), where you can make calls and then display the necessary information. I made a weather app as shown, and made use of the openweatherAPI.
TASK 3: Working with GitHub
TASK 4: Ubuntu Command Line
Created a folder named test.
Navigated into the test folder.
Created a blank file named blank_file.txt without using any text editor.
Listed the files in the test folder.
Generated 2600 uniquely named folders within the test directory.
Concatenated two text files and displayed the combined text on the terminal.
TASK 5: Kaggle Contest
Made a kaggle account, and participated in the Titanic ML competition. Public Score is 0.77511 and leaderboard position is 8385.
Task 6: Working with Pandas and Matplotlib
Pandas and Matplotlib are Python libraries used for data analysis. In this task, i learnt how to create visualizations like line plots, bar charts, and histograms. It allows customization of plots to effectively communicate data.
Task 7: Portfolio Website
Created a portfolio website using HTML5 and CSS3.
Task 8: Tinkercad
In this task, i familiarized myself with the usage of the application, understood the given example circuits and simulated a simple circuit using an ultrasonic sensor to estimate the distance between an obstacle and the sensor.Tinkered a radar system using ultrasonic sensor, arduino, and LCD display.
Here’s the link to the simulation:
Task 9: Speed Control of DC Motor
Learnt how a L293D motor driver works and built a Speed Control of DC Motor setup by connecting it to the Arduino, Voltage supply, DC Motor. Uploaded the code to the Arduino. Controlled the speed with the help of a Potentiometer by twisting it.
Task 10: LED Toggle Using ESP32
In this task, I made use of ESP32 microcontroller and 2 LEDs,controlled using the Arduino IDE. Recieved the IP adress to control LED state and performed Toggling.
Task 11: Soldering
Task 12: 555 IC Mutlivibrator
OBJECTIVE OF TASK: Objective: To design and test a 555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator with a duty cycle of 60%. This involved setting up the circuit on a breadboard, and observing the output waveform using a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO).
Task 13: Karnaugh Maps and Deriving the logic circuit
The Alarm activates when the door is locked and the key is pressed and when the door is open and the key is not pressed.
Task 14: Datasheets report writing
L293D Motor Driver Report
The L293D Motor Driver is an integrated circuit (IC) widely used to control the direction and speed of DC motors in robotics and other such projecrs. It functions as an H-bridge driver, enabling bidirectional motor control using a low-power microcontroller. A H-Bridge Driver is a circuit that controls a DC motor's direction by reversing its voltage polarity. It uses four switches arranged in an "H" shape. By toggling switch pairs, the motor rotates forward, backward, or stops.
Applications of L293D Motor Driver:
- Robotics
- Conveyor Systems
- Smart Cars
- CNC Machines
- Education
- Drones
Internal Components:
The L293D IC features two H-bridge circuits for bidirectional control of DC motors. It includes internal protection mechanisms like diodes to safeguard against back EMF. The IC also offers current sensing, thermal shutdown, and overcurrent protection, ensuring prevention of damage from excessive heat or current.
Key Specifications
The Operating Voltage:
Logic voltage: 4.5V to 5.5V. Motor supply voltage: 4.5V to 36V.
Continuous Output Current:
600mA per channel
Peak Output Current:
1.2A peak for short durations.
Number of Channels:
Two independent channels for controlling two motors.
Internal Protection:
Built-in diodes to protect against back EMF.
Control Pins
- Input Pins (1A, 2A, 3A, 4A): Control motor direction by driving the H-bridge.
- Enable Pins (1, 9): Enable/disable the motors and allow for PWM speed control.
- Output Pins (1Y, 2Y, 3Y, 4Y): Deliver current to the motors, determining rotation and speed.
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation):
It Controls motor speed by varying the duty cycle of the signal applied to the ENA pin. By applying a PWM signal to the ENA pin, you effectively control how much voltage is supplied to the motor.
Conclusion
The L293D motor driver stands out as a compact and efficient solution for driving DC motors, offering precise control over direction and speed. Its dual H-bridge design and compatibility with various microcontrollers make it indispensable for applications in robotics, automation, and learning environments. It is reliable and easy to use.
Task 14: Active Participation
I participated in Kagada-2024, presenting a technical poster on 3D Bioprinting of Skin using CAD to aid Acid Attack and Burn Victims, while incorporating immunosuppressants and algin. Our Team 'Nanovators' won the first place for this poster. The certificate is attached below.
Task 16: Resource Article Using Markdown
3D Bioprinting of Skin using CAD
This project combines the usage of 3D bioprinting and CAD (Computer-Aided Design) to develop personalized skin grafts tailored for acid attack victims & burn patients, especially hailing from the lower income strata of society.
PROCESS
Preparation of Bio-Ink: Bio-inks made of living cells (e.g., keratinocytes and fibroblasts) and biomaterials (like collagen and alginate) are prepared for printing. Using alginate, a natural, biocompatible polymer derived from brown algae, as the primary scaffold material, the process integrates collagen and other biomaterials derived from animals like jelly fish to replicate the structure and functionality of human skin. Immunosuppressants are incorporated to minimize rejection risks of the grafts, ensuring better acceptance by the body and faster healing.
Designing the Skin Model: A digital skin model is created using CAD software, tailored to the patient’s specific injury. The CAD framework enables the design of highly customized grafts based on individual needs, while 3D bioprinting ensures precise layering of biomaterials to mimic natural skin. This is done as each cell of the human body is unique and has its own structure.
Layer-by-Layer Printing: The 3D bioprinter prints the skin in layers, first creating the dermal layer (fibroblasts) and then the epidermal layer (keratinocytes).
Crosslinking and Stabilization: Chemical or UV crosslinking is used to stabilize the printed structure, ensuring mechanical strength.
Cell Cultivation and Maturation: The printed skin is cultured in a bioreactor to allow cell growth and maturation over several days.
Testing and Quality Control: The bioprinted skin is tested for strength, elasticity, and functionality before use.
Transplantation: The mature, tested skin is transplanted onto the patient’s wound site, where it integrates with the remaining tissue for healing.
BENEFITS OF THE APPROACH
Traditional methods which usually include extracting skin from cadavers and bovine skin, hence leading to higher rejection rate. Usage of hydrocolloids like PVA, CMC,and Polyurethane is unsustainable as well as harmful for the human body. Therefore, this innovative technique provides several advantages, like:
Enhanced Precision: 3D bioprinting and CAD ensure grafts are accurately tailored. Reduced Rejection Risks: The use of immunosuppressants minimizes complications. Sustainability & Affordability: Alginate, being derived from algae, is a sustainable and eco-friendly material.
The main focus of this approach is the affordability. The technology is currently costly due to the need for specialized equipment and expensive and unsustainable bio-inks. However, as the bioprinting technology mentioned here becomes more widely adopted, it is expected that the cost will decrease over time, making it more affordable and accessible for broader use in medical treatments, especially by those who require it most.
ADDRESSING THE ISSUE
This innovative solution not only addresses physical reconstruction but also supports emotional recovery, offering victims a chance to regain confidence and rebuild their lives. With its focus on sustainability, accessibility, and personalized care, this project holds immense potential in the field of regenerative medicine and compassionate healthcare. With future advancement, printing of organs, both internal and external can be made possible, making breakthroughs in the field of both science and technology.
Task 17: Introduction to VR & hands on experience
Virtual Reality (VR) is a transformative technology that creates immersive, computer-generated environments, allowing users to experience and interact with 3D worlds in real-time through VR headsets and additional equipment like controllers or motion sensors. Unlike Augmented Reality (AR), which overlays digital elements onto the real world, VR completely replaces the physical environment, offering a profound sense of presence and immersion. Its applications span gaming, education, healthcare, architecture, and training simulations, revolutionizing how we learn, work, and play. With advancements like haptic feedback and eye-tracking, VR is evolving rapidly, and Indian companies such as Tesseract, Gamitronics, and SmartVizX are at the forefront, innovating solutions across industries. The VR technology stack includes high-performance headsets, powerful graphics engines like Unreal Engine, and software platforms, marking a significant leap in digital interaction and visualization.