19 / 4 / 2026

Task 1 - LTspice and KiCad

Objective

Design and simulate a 555 timer-based astable multivibrator using LTspice to observe frequency and pulse width behavior. Use KiCad to create a schematic of an LED blinking circuit and design a PCB layout with proper footprints and routing. This task introduces simulation and PCB design fundamentals.

Tools Used

• LTspice – for simulation and waveform observation.
• KiCad – for schematic creation and PCB layout design.

Circuit Description

A 555 timer IC is configured in astable mode to generate continuous square wave pulses.
These pulses drive an LED, causing it to blink at a frequency determined by two resistors (R1, R2) and a capacitor (C1).

Key Components:

• IC 555 Timer
• Resistors: R1, R2
• Capacitor: C1
• LED and Current limiting resistor

Simulation in LTspice

1. Constructed the 555 astable circuit using basic components.
2. Simulated the waveform output at pin 3 (OUT).
3. Observed the frequency and pulse width variation with changes in R1, R2, and C1.

Output: Square wave signal showing ON and OFF periods corresponding to LED blinking.

LTspice Simulation Screenshot

Schematic and PCB Design in KiCad

1. Created the schematic of the LED blinking circuit.

KiCad PCB Layout Screenshot

Results

• Successfully simulated the 555 timer-based astable multivibrator in LTspice.
• Designed a working PCB layout in KiCad.
• Verified the output waveform and LED blinking frequency.

Outcome

• Understood SPICE-based circuit simulation using LTspice.
• Learned EDA workflows, including schematic creation, layout design, and output file generation.

Conclusion

The experiment demonstrated the working of a 555 timer in astable mode and introduced essential simulation and PCB design fundamentals using LTspice and KiCad.

Task 2 – Point Turn of a Vehicle with Ultrasonic Sensor (Embedded)

Objective

Build an obstacle-avoiding robot using an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, Arduino, and a motor driver. The vehicle should detect obstacles and perform a point turn by rotating in place to change direction. It combines sensor data processing with differential motor control.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Circuit Description

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to obstacles in front of the vehicle. When an obstacle is detected within a threshold distance, the Arduino commands the motor driver to rotate the wheels in opposite directions, causing a point turn.

Working

1. Ultrasonic sensor sends trigger pulse and receives echo.
2. Distance is calculated using time of flight.
3. If distance is less than the threshold, motors rotate in opposite directions.
4. Vehicle turns in place and avoids the obstacle.

Results

• Vehicle successfully detected obstacles.
• Smooth point turn was achieved without forward motion.

Outcome

• Learned ultrasonic distance measurement.
• Understood differential motor control.

Conclusion

The project successfully demonstrated obstacle detection and point-turn motion using sensor data and motor control logic.

And here is my work

In Tinkercad

Task 3 – Temperature and Humidity Detection (Embedded)

Objective

Use the LM35 analog temperature sensor to monitor ambient or localized heat (e.g., near a soldering iron). When temperature exceeds a threshold, turn on an LED using a BJT as a switch. In parallel, use the DHT11 digital sensor to read and display temperature and humidity on a 16x2 LCD.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• LM35 Temperature Sensor
• DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

Circuit Description

The LM35 provides analog temperature data. The DHT11 provides digital temperature and humidity values.

Working

1. LM35 outputs analog voltage proportional to temperature.
2. Arduino compares temperature with threshold value.
3. DHT11 temperature and humidity values are displayed on the LCD.

Results

• Accurate temperature and humidity readings observed.
• Got the Idea about analog and digital sensors.

Outcome

• Learned sensor interfacing (analog and digital).

Conclusion

The experiment successfully demonstrated temperature-based control and real-time environmental monitoring.

Here is my work

and the ouput

DHT11

Task 4 – BLDC Motor and Hall Effect Sensor (Embedded)

Objective

Connect a BLDC motor with a Hall effect sensor to measure its speed. The output of the Hall sensor is read by Arduino to calculate RPM and display it via the Serial Monitor. This task demonstrates motor speed sensing and signal interpretation.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• BLDC Motor
• Hall Effect Sensor
• Serial Monitor

Circuit Description

The Hall effect sensor generates pulses corresponding to motor rotation. Arduino counts these pulses over time to calculate and display the motor speed in RPM.

Working

1. Hall sensor detects magnetic field changes.
2. Pulses are counted over a fixed time interval.
3. RPM is calculated and displayed on the Serial Monitor.

Results

• Stable pulse signals observed.
• Motor speed accurately displayed in RPM.

Outcome

• Understood motor speed sensing techniques.
• Learned pulse-to-RPM conversion.

Conclusion

This task demonstrated effective motor speed measurement using a Hall effect sensor and Arduino.

My Output of Task

And Result