19 / 4 / 2026

Task 1 - LTspice and KiCad

Objective

Design and simulate a 555 timer-based astable multivibrator using LTspice to observe frequency and pulse width behavior. Use KiCad to create a schematic of an LED blinking circuit and design a PCB layout with proper footprints and routing. This task introduces simulation and PCB design fundamentals.

Tools Used

• LTspice – for simulation and waveform observation.
• KiCad – for schematic creation and PCB layout design.

Circuit Description

A 555 timer IC is configured in astable mode to generate continuous square wave pulses.
These pulses drive an LED, causing it to blink at a frequency determined by two resistors (R1, R2) and a capacitor (C1).

Key Components:

• IC 555 Timer
• Resistors: R1, R2
• Capacitor: C1
• LED and Current limiting resistor

Simulation in LTspice

1. Constructed the 555 astable circuit using basic components.
2. Simulated the waveform output at pin 3 (OUT).
3. Observed the frequency and pulse width variation with changes in R1, R2, and C1.

Output: Square wave signal showing ON and OFF periods corresponding to LED blinking.

LTspice Simulation Screenshot

Schematic and PCB Design in KiCad

1. Created the schematic of the LED blinking circuit.

KiCad PCB Layout Screenshot

Results

• Successfully simulated the 555 timer-based astable multivibrator in LTspice.
• Designed a working PCB layout in KiCad.
• Verified the output waveform and LED blinking frequency.

Outcome

• Understood SPICE-based circuit simulation using LTspice.
• Learned EDA workflows, including schematic creation, layout design, and output file generation.

Conclusion

The experiment demonstrated the working of a 555 timer in astable mode and introduced essential simulation and PCB design fundamentals using LTspice and KiCad.

Task 2 – Point Turn of a Vehicle with Ultrasonic Sensor (Embedded)

Objective

Build an obstacle-avoiding robot using an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, Arduino, and a motor driver. The vehicle should detect obstacles and perform a point turn by rotating in place to change direction. It combines sensor data processing with differential motor control.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

Circuit Description

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to obstacles in front of the vehicle. When an obstacle is detected within a threshold distance, the Arduino commands the motor driver to rotate the wheels in opposite directions, causing a point turn.

Working

1. Ultrasonic sensor sends trigger pulse and receives echo.
2. Distance is calculated using time of flight.
3. If distance is less than the threshold, motors rotate in opposite directions.
4. Vehicle turns in place and avoids the obstacle.

Results

• Vehicle successfully detected obstacles.
• Smooth point turn was achieved without forward motion.

Outcome

• Learned ultrasonic distance measurement.
• Understood differential motor control.

Conclusion

The project successfully demonstrated obstacle detection and point-turn motion using sensor data and motor control logic.

And here is my work

In Tinkercad

Task 3 – Temperature and Humidity Detection (Embedded)

Objective

Use the LM35 analog temperature sensor to monitor ambient or localized heat (e.g., near a soldering iron). When temperature exceeds a threshold, turn on an LED using a BJT as a switch. In parallel, use the DHT11 digital sensor to read and display temperature and humidity on a 16x2 LCD.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• LM35 Temperature Sensor
• DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

Circuit Description

The LM35 provides analog temperature data. The DHT11 provides digital temperature and humidity values.

Working

1. LM35 outputs analog voltage proportional to temperature.
2. Arduino compares temperature with threshold value.
3. DHT11 temperature and humidity values are displayed on the LCD.

Results

• Accurate temperature and humidity readings observed.
• Got the Idea about analog and digital sensors.

Outcome

• Learned sensor interfacing (analog and digital).

Conclusion

The experiment successfully demonstrated temperature-based control and real-time environmental monitoring.

Here is my work

and the ouput

DHT11

Task 4 – BLDC Motor and Hall Effect Sensor (Embedded)

Objective

Connect a BLDC motor with a Hall effect sensor to measure its speed. The output of the Hall sensor is read by Arduino to calculate RPM and display it via the Serial Monitor. This task demonstrates motor speed sensing and signal interpretation.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• BLDC Motor
• Hall Effect Sensor
• Serial Monitor

Circuit Description

The Hall effect sensor generates pulses corresponding to motor rotation. Arduino counts these pulses over time to calculate and display the motor speed in RPM.

Working

1. Hall sensor detects magnetic field changes.
2. Pulses are counted over a fixed time interval.
3. RPM is calculated and displayed on the Serial Monitor.

Results

• Stable pulse signals observed.
• Motor speed accurately displayed in RPM.

Outcome

• Understood motor speed sensing techniques.
• Learned pulse-to-RPM conversion.

Conclusion

This task demonstrated effective motor speed measurement using a Hall effect sensor and Arduino.

My Output of Task

And Result

Task 5 – Battery Capacity Measurement (Power Electronics)

Objective

• To monitor the voltage of a Li-ion battery using an Arduino analog input.
• To disconnect the load automatically when the battery voltage drops below a safe limit.
• To use a MOSFET as an electronic switch for battery protection.
• To understand basic battery monitoring and cutoff logic.

Components Used

• Arduino Uno / Nano
• 3.7V Li-ion Battery
• N-Channel MOSFET
• Voltage Divider Resistors
• Load (LED / DC load)
• Jumper Wires

Theory

Li-ion batteries should not be discharged below 3.0V as it reduces lifespan and damages the cell.
A voltage divider is used to step down the battery voltage so the Arduino can read it on the analog input.
Arduino compares this reading with a safe threshold voltage.
A MOSFET is used as a switch to control the load based on the battery level.

Working

• The battery is connected to a voltage divider and then to the Arduino analog pin.
• Arduino continuously measures the battery voltage.
• If voltage is above the threshold, Arduino turns ON the MOSFET to power the load.
• If voltage falls below the limit, Arduino turns OFF the MOSFET to protect the battery.

Results

• Battery voltage was measured accurately.
• Load disconnection happened automatically below the safe voltage.
• MOSFET switching worked correctly according to the battery conditions.

Conclusion

This task successfully demonstrated a simple battery protection method using Arduino and a MOSFET, ensuring safe operation of Li-ion batteries during discharge.

and here is my final work,

Task 6 – Battery Charging (Power Electronics)

Objective

• To charge a Li-ion battery using a solar panel and a solar charging module.
• To understand safe charging requirements for Li-ion cells.
• To observe practical implementation of renewable energy–based charging.

Components Used

• 3.7V Li-ion Battery
• Solar Panel
• Solar Charging Module (TP4056 / Solar Charge Controller)
• Connecting Wires
• Multimeter

Theory

Solar panels generate DC power that varies with sunlight intensity.
Li-ion batteries cannot be charged directly from solar panels due to fluctuating voltage and current.
A solar charging module regulates the charging process by maintaining safe charging current and a fixed 4.2V charging voltage.
This ensures safe battery charging even under inconsistent sunlight.

Working

• The solar panel is connected to the input terminals of the charging module.
• The Li-ion battery is connected to the module’s B+ and B− terminals.
• When sunlight is present, the module supplies controlled current to charge the battery.
• Charging indicator LEDs show charging progress and completion.

Results

• The battery successfully charged through solar energy.
• The charging module handled voltage fluctuations properly.
• Safe and stable charging conditions were maintained throughout.

Outcome

• Understood practical implementation of solar-based charging.
• Learned how regulated charging protects Li-ion batteries.
• Observed real-time behavior of solar-powered energy systems.

And here is my work,

Task 7 – Solar Tracker (Embedded)

Objective

To design a solar tracking system that orients a solar panel toward maximum light intensity using LDRs and a servo motor.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• LDR Sensors
• Servo Motor
• Resistors

Circuit Description

LDRs are used to compare light intensity from different directions. Arduino processes the difference and rotates the servo motor to align the panel toward the stronger light source.

Working

1. LDR values are continuously read by Arduino.
2. Difference in light intensity is calculated.
3. Servo motor rotates toward the brighter side.

Results

• Servo responded correctly to changes in light direction.
• Improved alignment toward the light source was achieved.

Outcome

• Learned sensor comparison logic.
• Understood servo motor control.

Conclusion

The project successfully demonstrated an automatic solar tracking mechanism.

The result

Task 8 – Simple Electric Circuits Simulation on MATLAB (Power Electronics)

Objective

To simulate a basic electrical circuit using MATLAB Simulink and analyze voltage and current responses.

Tools Used

• MATLAB
• Simulink

Circuit Description

A simple RLC or transistor-based circuit was modeled using Simulink blocks and analyzed using scopes and virtual probes.
The block-based approach allows easy modification of parameters such as resistance, capacitance, and input signals.

Simulation

• Voltage and current waveforms were observed using scope blocks.
• Transient and frequency responses were analyzed over time.
• Parameter variations were tested to study their effect on circuit behavior.

Results

• Correct waveform behavior was obtained for different input conditions.
• Simulation results closely matched theoretical expectations.

Outcome

• Learned Simulink modeling and simulation basics.
• Understood time-domain and frequency-domain circuit analysis.

Conclusion

This task introduced MATLAB Simulink as an effective tool for analyzing and validating electrical circuits before hardware implementation.

The Output waveforms

Task 10 – Auto Night Lamp Using LED for Electric Vehicles (Embedded)

Objective

To design an automatic night lamp that turns ON an LED when ambient light intensity falls below a threshold.

Tools Used

• Arduino Uno
• LDR
• BJT Transistor
• LED

Circuit Description

The LDR senses ambient light levels and changes its resistance accordingly.
A BJT transistor is used as a switch to drive the LED based on the LDR output.

Working

1. LDR resistance increases in darkness.
2. Transistor is driven into saturation.
3. LED turns ON automatically without manual control.

Results

• LED turned ON in low-light conditions.
• Stable operation was observed during repeated light variations.

Outcome

• Learned light-based automation concepts.
• Understood transistor switching in practical circuits.

Conclusion

The experiment successfully conducted an automatic headlamp system applicable to electric vehicles.

The Output of Work is here

Task 11 – Buck Converter on LTspice (Power Electronics)

Objective

To design and simulate a DC–DC buck converter and analyze its voltage and current waveforms.

Tools Used

• LTspice

Circuit Description

A buck converter circuit consisting of a MOSFET, diode, inductor, and capacitor was designed to step down the input DC voltage.
Pulse-width modulation was used to control the output voltage level.

Simulation

• Input and output voltages were observed.
• Inductor current waveform was analyzed.
• Switching frequency and duty cycle effects were verified.

Results

• Output voltage was lower than the input voltage.
• Smooth DC output with reduced ripple was obtained.

Outcome

• Understood DC–DC step-down conversion.
• Learned switching behavior and efficiency aspects.

Conclusion

The simulation successfully demonstrated controlled voltage reduction using a buck converter.

The Output Voltage and Current and pulse waves are observed

Current

Pulse