Level 0 Report

15 / 10 / 2025

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API Weather Report

Objective

Learn the working of an API and its applications. Using any api of your choice, build an user interface(web app, mobile app, etc), where you can make calls and then display the necessary information. An example weather app is given below, using the open weather api.

Learnings and Outcomes

API stands for Application Programming Interface(API), which helps the user to interact with the server. It accepts the requests from the user and sends it to the server. After processing the data from the server is sent as output to the user using the same API medium.

Working with Github

Objective

Familiarize yourself with GitHub integrated workflows (GitHub actions), Issues, and pull requests with this task. Given below is a git repository, go check it out and then perform the necessary tasks stated in the readme file.

Learnings and Outcomes

Through this task, I learnt how to work in Github which are listed below

• to create a account in Github
• to create repositries
• to fork the repositries

Command line on Ubuntu

Objective

• Create a folder named test.
• cd into that folder.
• Create a blank file without using any text editor.
• list the files in that folder
• create 2600 folders in this folder where each folder is named like . For example, M90 or B56.

Learnings and Outcomes

• I learnt how to work in Linux
• how to create folder in ubuntu using the functions

Build Your Own Brain -Linear Regression from Scratch

Objective

Dive into the core of machine learning by implementing Linear Regression from scratch using , and compare its performance with the scikit-learn implementation. Use the California Housing dataset to evaluate your model on real-world data.

Learnings and Outcomes

• I learnt about linear regression.
• I learnt how to plot graph using Jupyter notebook.
• By using this concept I plotted graph of median income v/s housing median age.

The Matrix Puzzle — Decode with NumPy & Reveal the Image

Objective

Get hands-on with NumPy and Matplotlib by solving a visual puzzle. You’ll be given a scrambled matrix, and your mission is to decode it into a hidden image using NumPy operations and visualization techniques.

Learnings and Outcomes

• In this task I learnt about numpy.
• I solved scarmbled matrix which was given in the marvel website.
• I learnt how to write code in jupyter notebook .
• I learnt about matplotlib.
• First I revealed the image using some code and then found the mistake .
• In the code it was given [200:50] ,I changed it to [100:100].
• After the change I got the corrected picture.

Given image

Corrected image

Create a Portfolio Webpage

Objective

Create a website to showcase your portfolio - about yourself, interests, projects, social media profiles and more. It has to be responsive and also pushed to the git repository. CSS can be of your choice and any framework can be used.

Learnings and Outcomes

I learnt how to make a portfolio web page using html and css

Writing resource article using Markdown

The HAL Tejas is a cutting-edge single-engine, lightweight multi-role combat aircraft designed and manufactured in India, emphasizing agility, advanced avionics, and operational flexibility for the Indian Air Force and Navy.

General Specifications

• Manufacturer: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
• Designer: Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA)
• Aircraft Category: Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
• Design: Tailless compound delta wing with fly-by-wire controls
• Crew: Single-seater (with twin-seat trainer variants)
• Dimensions: Length: 13.2 m; Wingspan: 8.2 m; Height: 4.4 m; Wing Area: 38.4 m²

Performance and Propulsion

• Engine: GE F404-GE-IN20 turbofan (Mk1, Mk1A); planned F414-GE-INS6 engine for Mk2
• Max Speed: Mach 1.8 (~2,200 km/h)
• Combat Range: Mk1A: ~500-739 km; Mk2: ~1,200-1,500 km
• Ferry Range: Up to 3,000 km (Mk1, Mk2)
• Service Ceiling: Up to 50,000 ft (Mk2)

Avionics and Flight Control

• Radar: Israeli Elta EL/M 2052 AESA and indigenous DRDO Uttam AESA variants
• Avionics Suite: Digital fly-by-wire flight control system, glass cockpit
• Sensors: FLIR, IRST, laser target designator pods, electronic warfare suite
• Stealth and Airframe Materials: Extensive use of composites, radar-absorbing materials
• Design: Reduced radar cross-section, Y-duct engine air intake for stealth

Armament

• Hardpoints: Eight on Mk1, thirteen on Mk2; three wing hardpoints are wet for drop tanks
• Weapons:

1. Air-to-air: Astra BVRAAM, Derby, R-77, R-73, Python-5
2. Air-to-surface: Kh-59ME, Kh-59MK, laser-guided and stand-off missiles
3. Anti-ship: BrahMos-NG (future integration)
4. Gun: Internal 23mm twin-barrel autocannon (GSh-23)
5. Payload: Up to 4,000 kg (Mk1); 6,500 kg (Mk2)

Variants and Upgrades

• Mk1/FOC: First operation-capable variants with basic multirole capability
• Mk1A: Enhanced avionics, weapons, AESA radar, expanded BVR capabilities
• Mk2: Larger, more powerful, with increased payload, modern sensors, and improved survivability; designed for replacement of legacy IAF jets

Operational Features

Maneuverability: Capable of high-G combat maneuvers, vertical takeoff, and landing from short runways

• Flexibility: Suited for air-to-air, air-to-ground, anti-ship, and interception missions in a single sortie
• Maintenance: Modular structure, built-in health monitoring for easier in-field servicing

The HAL Tejas stands as a testament to Indian aerospace innovation, offering supersonic speed, advanced electronics, and multi-role versatility for frontline defense operations.

TASK 9: Tinkercad

Objective

Create a tinkercad account, get familiar with the application, understand the example circuits given and simulate a simple circuit using an ultrasonic sensor to estimate the distance between an obstacle and the sensor. Display the results on the serial monitor.

Learnings and Outcomes

I created my tinkercad account and learnt how to build a virtual circuit and run the code of arduino uno

TASK 10: Speed Control of DC Motor

Explore basic techniques for controlling DC motors, understand the control DC motors using the L298N motor driver and the Arduino board. Using an UNO and H-Bridge L298N motor driver, control the speed of a 5V BO motor, try simulating this on tinkercad and then perform it on the hardware, Record videos of you doing the same.

learnings and outcomes

Through this task, I learnt what is L298N and how it works.I used arduino uno, DC motor, L298N motor driver for the task.

H-Bridge

Circuit connections

It was fun doing the task of controlling the speed of the motor

click here to watch the video

LED Toggle Using ESP32

Objective

Learn the working of an ESP32 and create a standalone web server with an ESP32 that controls the LED connected with ESP32 GPIOs. Use the arduino IDE to code and upload the program to the ESP32. Learn to configure the IDE to upload code to an ESP32.

Learnings and Outcomes

I learnt concept of ESP32 and connections using breadboard

Circuit connections

click here to watch the video

Soldering Prerequisites

Objective

Learn about the soldering equipment present in our lab, the solder, the soldering iron, soldering wick, flux, etc. Learn to use them and perform basic soldering on a perf board, for example a LED circuit in the presence of a coordinator and document the same.

Learnings and Outcomes

I learnt the theoretical concepts and applied them practically while doing the task.

555 Astable Multivibrator

Objective

Design a 555 astable multivibrator with duty cycle 60%, rig up the circuit on a breadboard and by using the probes observe the output of your circuit on the DSO

Learnings and Outcomes

• I learnt basics of 555 timer and its pins.
• I learnt how to work with oscilloscope. I got the duty cycle of 59.85

click here to watch the the video

Karnaugh Maps and Deriving the logic circuit

Objective

Description: For 4 cases, based on door lock/open and key pressed/not pressed. Determine the karnaugh map and make a burglar alarm using simple logic circuits. The buzzer or led blinks when certain conditions are met, you can use push buttons for the door and key.

Learnings and Outcomes

I learnt to understand practical problems using theoretical concepts like truth table, k-map and logic gates

Active Participation

Objective

Take part in any technical event, inter or intra college and submit the issued certificate of participation.

Learnings and Outcomes

I participated in think tank competition during IMPETUS 25.0

Data sheet report on L293D

Introduction

The L293D motor driver is a widely used component for controlling DC motors and stepper motors in electronics projects, leveraging H-bridge circuitry and PWM techniques for precise direction and speed control. Below is a technical report covering each topic with relevant details.

L293D Motor Driver Overview

• The L293D is a 16-pin IC featuring four high-current half-H drivers, capable of controlling two DC motors or a single stepper motor.
• It operates at voltages from 4.5V to 36V and can supply up to 600mA continuous current per channel (peaks to 1.2A).
• The IC includes internal diodes for back EMF protection and support for PWM-based speed control via its enable pins.
• Each motor is controlled using dedicated input (IN1–IN4) and enable (EN1, EN2) pins; outputs (OUT1–OUT4) connect directly to motor terminals.
• The pinout and basic Arduino interface allow simple microcontroller integration for automated motor control tasks.

H-Bridge Concept

• An H-bridge circuit enables bi-directional control of a DC motor by reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to its terminals, allowing forward and backward motion.
• The classic H-bridge uses four switches (often transistors or MOSFETs), forming an 'H'-shape around the motor: closing switches 1 and 4 moves the motor in one direction, while closing switches 2 and 3 reverses direction.
• Integrated ICs like the L293D contain built-in H-bridges, simplifying circuit complexity for robotics and automation applications.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

• PWM is a digital technique for adjusting power delivery by rapidly switching the voltage on and off, controlling the duty cycle (the percentage of time the signal is "high" in each cycle).
• By modulating the duty cycle (e.g., 25%, 75%), PWM adjusts motor speed: lower duty cycles result in slower speeds, higher duty cycles produce faster movement.
• Motor driver enable pins (e.g., ENA, ENB in L293D) accept PWM signals from a microcontroller, implementing fine-grained speed control without significant energy loss.
• PWM is essential for applications needing variable speed and smooth acceleration or deceleration in motors.

Applications

• L293D motor driver modules are used in robotics, automation, educational kits, and any electronics requiring precise DC motor or stepper motor control.

• H-bridge circuits facilitate projects needing motor direction reversal, such as robot wheels, conveyor belts, or gates.

• PWM integration with H-bridge drivers enables efficient, flexible motor control for drones, home automation, and industrial systems.

This report consolidates key features, working principles, and application details for the L293D motor driver, H-bridge circuits, and PWM-based motor control—all critical components in modern electromechanical systems.

Domain specific tasks

Click here for Domain specific tasks