15 / 10 / 2026
LEVEL 2 REPORT
Task - Build Chassis
OBJECTIVES :
Design a custom RC car chassis in CAD software with weight distribution suitable for stability and sensor mounting. Ensure it is compatible with MARVEL’s 3D printer specifications and modular for component integration.
MY LEARNINGS :
Using CAED modelling softwares like solidworks and custom building chasis for a line follower bot which is used in botworks competiton and understanding how to model chasis which can be 3-D printed and used in printer and how to save stl files
OUTCOMES :
Designed and modeled a functional RC chassis suitable for 3D printing. Applied basic principles of mechanical design and weight balancing
Task - SPI Communication
OBJECTIVES :
Implement SPI communication between Arduino and a peripheral device like an SD card module, OLED, or another microcontroller. Learn about MOSI, MISO, SCK, and SS signals and how full-duplex data transfer works.
MY LEARNINGS :
SPI communication protocols:
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous, full-duplex serial communication protocol used for short-distance data transfer between a microcontroller (master) and peripheral devices (slaves).
It relies on a master-slave architecture where the master generates the clock signal (SCLK) and initiates all communication, ensuring precise timing without the need for start/stop bits or complex addressing.
The bus typically uses four wires:
1)MOSI (Master Out Slave In): Carries data from the Arduino (Master) to the peripheral (Slave). (pin 10)
2)MISO (Master In Slave Out): Carries data from the peripheral (Slave) back to the Arduino (Master). (pin 11)
3)SCK (Serial Clock): Provides the clock pulses generated by the Master to synchronize data transmission. (pin 12)
4)SS/CS (Slave Select / Chip Select): A dedicated line for each slave device; the Master pulls this line LOW to activate a specific device for communication, while keeping others inactive (HIGH). (pin 13)
why only use this pins ?
it's a hardware limitation of the ATmega328P chip itself, not an Arduino software choice.
It's the chip used in arduino and other micro controllers and its architecture gives this limitations
VIDEO
Task - I2C Control
OBJECTIVES :
Use Arduino or STM32 to interface multiple I2C devices like an LCD, sensor (e.g., MPU6050), and EEPROM on the same bus. Learn about address management and master-slave data protocols
MY LEARNINGS :
I2C COMMUNIUCATION PROTOCOL :
Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) is a synchronous , half-duplex , two-wire serial communication protocol used to connect micro-controllers over a short distance
SERIAL DATA LINE (SDA) :
The line used by the controller and target devices to send and receive data
SERIAL CLOCK LINE (SCL) :
The line that carries clock signal , which is always controlled by the main controller device to synchronize data transfer
OUTCOME :
Understood multi-device communication via I2C.
Successfully controlled and read data from I2C-based modules.
VIDEO
Task - Make a Lithium-ion Battery Pack
OBJECTIVES :
Assemble a 3-cell Li-ion battery pack to deliver 12V with a 3S 20A 12V BMS module.
MY LEARNINGS :
Series connections of battery :
series connection of battery is when you connect two cells in series wise the possitive terminal of one cell to negative cell of another cell thisis series arrangement of cells the combined voltage of this arrangement will be equivalent of the algebraic sum of the individual cells voltages
BMS module :
A Battery Management system module is an electronic circuit board that acts as the brain of the and saftey guardian of a rechargable battery pack
It monitors
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Voltage : stops charging or discharging if cell volatges go too high or too low
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Temperature : cuts power if the battery gets too hot to prevent damage or fire
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Cell Balancing : Equalizes charge across individual cells so they age evenly and hold maximum capacity
OUTCOMES :
Built a functional Li-ion battery pack.
Gained hands-on experience with battery wiring and BMS integration.
Task - Working with Multiple Sensors
OBJECTIVES :
Integrate at least 3 sensors (like IR, ultrasonic, DHT11) into the RC car chassis to gather real-time data.
Use Arduino to process and respond to the data. Demonstrates full system integration and real-world automation.
MY LEARNINGS :
HC-SR04 SENSOR :
It is an ultrasonic sensor it is used to meaasure distances from the sensors commonly used in robots and robotic competitions
It uses the physical aspects of sonar waves to detect objects has a range of 100cm and has 4 pins
VCC and ground
TRIG : Triggers inputs used to send the start signal.
Echo : Output signal that stays high until the echo returns.
OUTCOMES :
Created an application-based smart RC car using multiple sensors.
Combined mechanical, electrical, and programming skills effectively.
VIDEO
Task - Smart Active Battery Balancer
OBJECTIVES :
Build a system to balance voltages between 2 or more Li-ion cells using Arduino, IRF830 MOSFETs, and CL100 transistors.
Transfer excess charge from higher-voltage cell to lower-voltage cell and display voltages via serial.
MY LEARNINGS :
IRF830 MOSFETS :
The IRF830 is a high-voltage, N-Channel Power MOSFET characterized by fast switching capabilities and a maximum drain-to-source voltage (500v)
It has 3 main pins :
Gate: This is the control terminal. Applying a positive voltage here (typically 10V for full conduction) opens the switch, allowing current to flow. It draws almost no current itself, acting like a tap handle.
Drain: This is the input terminal for current. In an N-Channel device, current flows into the Drain when the MOSFET is turned on. The metal tab on the back of the package is usually connected to the Drain to help dissipate heat.
Source: This is the output terminal. Current flows out of the Source when the device is active, typically connecting to the ground or the negative side of the load.
CL100 Transistor :
The CL100 is a medium-power NPN transistor. It is designed for general-purpose switching and amplification applications, such as audio amplifiers, motor control, and voltage regulation, offering high ruggedness and efficient heat dissipation due to its metal casing.
Emitter: This is the terminal where current exits the transistor. It is typically identified by a protruding edge on the metal casing.
Base: This is the control terminal. Applying a small current to the base allows the transistor to switch on or amplify the signal flowing between the collector and emitter. It is located physically between the emitter and collector leads.
Collector: This is the terminal where current enters the transistor. It is positioned at the opposite end of the casing from the emitter and is responsible for handling the main load current, which the CL100 can support upto 1A continuously.
OUTCOME :
Implemented active balancing of Li-ion cells.
Understood the significance and working of active vs passive balancing.
VIDEO
Task - Regenerative Braking System Demo
OBJECTIVE :
Demonstrate regenerative braking using a 9V DC motor connected to a circuit with LED, transistor, and pushbutton. When the motor is stopped via braking, the back EMF lights up the LED, simulating energy recovery in EVs.
MY LEARNINGS :
Regenerative breaking :
In EV's when the car ia moving and brakes are slammed the kinetic energy of the brakes is convertd into electrical energy
This energy can be used to recharge the battery or can be used to power the secondary battery which powers the headlights and other vital electronic components of the EV
NPN BJT Transistor :
It's a Bi-polar Junction Transistor It has 3 pins
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Emitter : It supplies / injects a large number of charges into the base.
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Base : It controls the flow of charges from the emitter to the collector . A small current entering the base allows a much larger current to flow through the transistor.
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Collector : It collects the charges that passes through the base and lets it flow through it to the circuit.
Capacitor :
It stores the EMf generated from the spinning of the motor and produces the back EMF to power the Led to glow when the mototr stops running.
VIDEO
Task - Interfacing STM32 Nucleo with L298N Motor Driver
OBJECTIVES :
Connect an STM32 board to an L298N driver module and control a DC motor's speed and direction using PWM and logic pins. Learn motor driver interfacing and STM32 timer control.
MY LEARNINGS :
STM32 NUcleo F446RE :
The STM32 Nucleo-F446RE is an affordable, plug-and-play development board, designed for prototyping embedded systems and IoT projects.
It features a powerful ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller (specifically the STM32F446RE) running at 180 MHz with a Floating Point Unit (FPU) and DSP support, making it suitable for complex signal processing and real-time control tasks.
Floating Point Unit :
It performs Floatig Point Math That is mathematical operation on the float value numbers in one clock cycle
Signal processing also at 32-BIT only
The STM32F446RE chip itself runs on 1.7 V to 3.6 V, with 3.3 V being the normal operating point.
The board has an onboard regulator, so you feed it a higher voltage and it steps it down to 3.3 V internally:
OUTCOMES :
Controlled DC motor speed and direction using STM32.
Gained understanding of interfacing motor drivers with microcontrollers.
VIDEO
Task - Interfacing STM32 Nucleo with Servo Motor
OBJECTIVE :
Use STM32 to control a servo motor by generating PWM signals through internal timers.
Adjust pulse width to change the angle of the servo and observe precision motion control.
MY LEARNINGS :
STM32 is a dvelopement board the main difference being it has wide range of control parameter compared to esp32 and arduino it is used for more complex control of both analog and didgital data, faster processing of data and industtial use
How to control the signaling and PWM of servo mototrs
OUTCOMES :
Controlled servo positioning using STM32-generated PWM.
Understood timer and GPIO configurations for servo control.
VIDEO
Task - Configuring ADC in STM32 Nucleo Board
OBJECTIVES :
Configure the STM32’s internal ADC to read analog voltages (e.g., from a potentiometer or sensor).
Learn resolution, reference voltage, sampling time, and read techniques via polling or interrupt.
MY LEARNINGS :
STM32 NUCLEO F446RE :
ADC : Analog-to-Digital Converter
The STM32F446RE on the Nucleo board features three 12-bit ADCs (The analog pins) that convert analog voltages into digital values ranging from 0 to 4095. The analog input voltage range is strictly 0 to 3.3V; inputs exceeding 3.3V can damage the chip, and it cannot measure negative voltages.
Analog pin assigning
Potentiometer Doesnot has polarity, only middle pin matters as it send the analog signal
At ADC=0 , Voltage =0mV At ADC=4095 , Voltage=3300mV
ADC is the raw number the chip reads from the potentiometer. It goes from0 to 4095
OUTCOMES :
Successfully read and processed analog data via ADC.
Understood ADC setup, resolution, and data acquisition methods.