Marvel LE

6 / 2 / 2023

LEVEL -1 EV-RE Report

Task 1: Understanding LTspice and KiCad

LTspice is a powerful, fast, and free SPICE simulator software, schematic capture, and waveform viewer with enhancements and models for improving the simulation of analog circuits. LTspice was used to design and simulate an astable multivibrator using a 555 timer.

KiCad is a free software suite for electronic design and simulation of electronic hardware. KiCad was used to create a simple LED blinking circuit.

Task 2: DC Motor Speed Control Using Arduino

The speed of a DC motor can be controlled using the PWM functionality available on microcontrollers such as the Arduino. Manual input to control the speed is achieved using a potentiometer on the microcontroller board. The microcontroller provides a PWM signal to the motor driver, which drives the DC motor at the required speed.

Task 3: DC Motor Direction Control Using Arduino

The direction of a DC motor can be controlled using a microcontroller such as an Arduino. Manual input to control the direction is provided via a potentiometer on the microcontroller board. The microcontroller sends the appropriate signal to the input pin of the motor driver. The motor driver then drives the DC motor in the desired direction.

Task 4: Point Turn of a Vehicle

An object undergoes a point rotation when it rotates around an axis passing through its center. A vehicle performs a point turn when the wheels on one side turn in one direction, and the wheels on the other side turn in the opposite direction.

A microcontroller like an Arduino can send the appropriate signals to a motor driver such as the L298N. The L298N drives each motor in the desired direction, enabling the vehicle to perform a point turn.

Task 5: Obstacle Avoiding Vehicle

Ultrasonic sensors can detect the presence of objects around a vehicle by emitting ultrasonic sound waves and detecting their echo. These sensors send a signal whenever an object is detected.

A microcontroller like an Arduino can use these signals to control the vehicle and avoid collisions. In this task, ultrasonic sensors are used to detect obstacles in front of the vehicle. The Arduino Uno, with feedback from the sensors, adjusts the vehicle's course to avoid collisions.

Task 6: Measure Temperature Using an LM35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 is a temperature sensor that provides an analog output voltage proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius. It does not require any external calibration circuitry and can measure temperatures in the range of -55°C to 150°C.

The LM35's output is fed to an Arduino through an analog pin, which converts it to digital form and processes the data to display the temperature reading.

Task 7: Temperature and Humidity Detection with DHT11

The DHT11 sensor measures and provides humidity and temperature values serially over a single wire. It can measure:

• Relative Humidity: 20% to 90% RH
• Temperature: 0°C to 50°C

The sensor has four pins, one of which is used for serial data communication. The data is processed using the DHT11 library and displayed on an LCD.

Task 8: Hall Effect Sensor

The speed of a BLDC (Brushless DC) motor can be measured using a Hall Effect sensor. A tachometer is constructed with the sensor to determine the RPM of the BLDC motor. The speed is displayed on the serial monitor.

Task 12: Solar Cell with Zener Diode

A voltage difference can be observed across a Zener diode when there is incident light. This is due to the properties of a Zener diode, which is heavily doped to allow operation in reverse breakdown mode.

Videos and Individual Reports

• Videos of all executed tasks: Link to Drive
• Individual reports: Link to Drive