Marvel Level 1 Report
7 / 2 / 2023
#Batch 2 Level 1 in EV & RE ####Ganga Lokesh V ### LTspice & Kicad LTspice and KiCad are two popular software tools used in electronics design. LTspice is a simulation software for analog circuits, which allows engineers to model and analyze the behavior of circuits before building them. It has a large library of components and models, and supports SPICE simulation. KiCad is an open-source software suite for electronic design automation (EDA). It includes a schematic editor, PCB layout editor, 3D visualization tools, and more. KiCad is widely used for designing PCBs, from schematic capture to board-level design, and provides a comprehensive set of tools for electronics engineers. Both LTspice and KiCad are commonly used in the electronics industry, and both have their own strengths and weaknesses. LTspice is best suited for simulation of analog circuits, while KiCad is more comprehensive and covers a wider range of design tasks, including schematic capture and PCB layout. ### Speed control of a DC motor Speed control of a DC motor can be achieved by varying the voltage applied to the motor or by changing the amount of current in the armature circuit. Two common methods for controlling the speed of a DC motor are: - PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): This method involves rapidly switching the voltage applied to the motor on and off, thus controlling the average voltage applied to the motor and hence its speed. - Armature Resistance Control: This method involves changing the resistance in the armature circuit, which in turn changes the amount of current flowing through the circuit and hence the speed of the motor. Both of these methods require the use of electronic circuitry, typically in the form of an electronic controller, to implement the speed control. ### Direction control of a DC motor The direction of rotation of a DC motor can be controlled by reversing the polarity of the applied voltage. This can be achieved by using a switch to switch the connections of the motor's terminals. When the switch is in one position, the motor will rotate in one direction, and when it is switched to the other position, the motor will rotate in the opposite direction. Another common method for controlling the direction of a DC motor is to use a H-bridge circuit, which allows for electronic control of the voltage applied to the motor. ### Point turn of a vehicle A point turn in a vehicle is a maneuver where the vehicle turns in place, usually within the length of its own wheelbase. Stop the vehicle in a straight line position with equal distance from the center of the turning point. Shift the transmission into reverse gear. Turn the steering wheel all the way to one direction. Accelerate gently in reverse gear while maintaining the direction of the steering wheel. Once the vehicle has turned through a complete 180 degree rotation, shift the transmission back into drive gear and straighten the steering wheel. The exact method to achieve a point turn may vary depending on the type of vehicle and its drive system. ### Ultrasonic sensor The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is a low-cost device used for measuring distances or detecting objects. It uses ultrasound to determine the distance to an object by measuring the time it takes for a sound wave to travel to the object and back. The device is commonly used in robotics and other projects that require distance measurement. It consists of a transmitter and a receiver, and it operates by sending out an ultrasonic pulse and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return. The distance to the object can then be calculated using the speed of sound and the time taken for the echo to return. ### Temperature detection The LM35 is a commonly used analog temperature sensor that outputs a voltage proportional to the temperature in Celsius. It is easy to use and has a linear temperature-to-voltage conversion characteristic, making it suitable for a variety of temperature sensing applications. The sensor is precise, with a typical accuracy of ±1°C, and has a wide temperature range, from -55°C to 150°C. It is also relatively low-cost and widely available, making it a popular choice for hobby and educational projects. ### Temperature & humidity detection The DHT11 sensor is a commonly used temperature and humidity sensor that provides accurate and reliable readings. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the ambient air temperature and relative humidity, respectively. The DHT11 has a low cost, low power consumption, and a simple serial interface for communication with a microcontroller. It can operate in a range of temperatures between 0°C to 50°C and relative humidity between 20% to 90%. This makes the DHT11 sensor ideal for a variety of applications, including HVAC control, weather monitoring, and indoor air quality control. ### BLDC motor & half hall effect A Brushless DC (BLDC) motor is a type of electric motor that uses direct current (DC) electricity to generate magnetic fields, which drive the motor's rotation. Unlike traditional brushed DC motors, BLDC motors do not have brushes that physically transfer electrical energy to the rotor. Instead, the current is sent through the stator windings to generate the magnetic fields that drive the rotor. A Hall Effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field. In a BLDC motor, Hall Effect sensors are used to detect the position of the rotor and provide feedback to the controller, allowing the controller to accurately control the current in the stator windings and thus the motor's rotation. By detecting the position of the rotor, the controller can determine the appropriate time to switch the current in the stator windings, resulting in smooth and efficient operation of the motor. ### Battery capacity management - Connect the battery to a load resistor: Connect the positive terminal of the battery to one side of a load resistor and the negative terminal to the other side. - Connect the load resistor to the analog input of the Arduino: Connect the load resistor to the analog input of the Arduino and use a voltage divider circuit to measure the voltage across the load resistor. - Write code to measure the voltage: Use the Arduino's analogRead() function to measure the voltage and convert it to a battery level percentage. - Discharge the battery: Use a code loop to gradually discharge the battery by applying a load to it through the load resistor. - Store the discharge data: Use the Arduino's EEPROM to store the voltage readings at each discharge stage. - Calculate the capacity: Use the stored discharge data to calculate the capacity of the battery in milliampere-hours (mAh). ### Battery charging To charge a Li-ion battery using solar panels, you need to have a solar panel with the appropriate voltage and current output, a solar charge controller, and a battery charger. The solar panel converts sunlight into electrical energy and provides it to the charge controller. The charge controller regulates the voltage and current from the solar panel and ensures it's within safe levels for the battery. The battery charger uses the regulated energy from the charge controller to charge the Li-ion battery. ### Understanding 555 timer & LDR or DLR The 555 timer is a popular integrated circuit used in a variety of applications as a timer, flip-flop, oscillator, and amplifier. It gets its name from the three 5kΩ resistors used in its internal circuitry. DLR stands for \dead time reload", which is a term used in 555 timer circuits. Dead time is the interval during which no output is produced by the 555 timer, even if the input conditions are such that an output should be produced. The DLR feature allows the adjustment of the dead time period in 555 timer circuits. ### Solar panel A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity. It consists of a collection of photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are made of semiconductor materials that generate a flow of electrons when exposed to light. These cells are connected in a series to form a module, which can be combined with other modules to create a solar panel. Solar panels are used to power homes, businesses, and public infrastructure and are an important component in the transition to renewable energy. ### Solar tracker A solar tracker is a device used to orient photovoltaic panels or concentrating solar collectors towards the sun. This improves the efficiency of solar panels by increasing the amount of sunlight received, resulting in higher energy output. There are two main types of solar trackers: single-axis and dual-axis. Single-axis trackers move the panels along one axis, typically the horizontal, to follow the sun as it moves across the sky. Dual-axis trackers, on the other hand, move the panels along two axes, both horizontally and vertically, providing even greater tracking accuracy and efficiency. Solar trackers are commonly used in large commercial and utility-scale solar installations. #### Brief study about RE and EV 
(A brief study about electric vehicles and renewable energy and its sources. And learning about the basic electrical components used in a circuit.) Level 1 : LTspice and Kicad Referring to resources provided Level 2 : project 1 Introduction to Arduino and L298N chip Project 2: controlling of speed and direction of the DC motor Few points about potentiometer Speed and direction control of the DC motor. Here we learn about how the speed of the motor is controlled using potentiometer and Arduino and the analog writing. And in the direction control of the motor, we use L298N motor drive and Arduino uno. Detection of distance of the object from the sensor by HC SR-04. And by using the same, we detect any obstacles in front of the sensor which avoids the movement of the vehicle created. And the components used in the manufacturing of the vehicle. Learning about temperature detection using LM35. We detect the temperature of the surrounding (air) around the tip of the soldering gun using Bipolar junction transistor. Using LM35 sensor has many advantages as it is very precise and never wears out. And also it is of low voltage. Here we need to have a basic idea about how a transistor works and the principle involved. In transistor, we have collector and base as types ( it can either be current or voltage). And the great advantage of transistor is, it can used as a regulator of voltage and current. By hooking up with Arduino, we can place this sensor without any problem. "