LEVEL 1 REPORT

FUNDAMENTALS OF CAD

Orthographic projections

Orthographic projections are a way to represent three -dimensional objects in two dimensions by showing multiple views ,typically the front ,top and side views .this method helps convey precise dimensions and details without perspective distortion. ![Alt text]

Isometric views

Isometric projections are a method of visual representation where three dimensions are shown in a single view ,with equal angles of 120 degrees between the axes. this technique allows for a more realistic depiction of object while maintaining accurate proportions and dimensions. ![Alt text]

2D Drawing in CAD

1. Open Fusion 360 and Start a New Sketch Go to the Design workspace. Click on Create Sketch from the toolbar. Select a plane (XY, XZ, or YZ) to sketch on.
2. Draw Basic Shapes Use the Sketch menu to select tools like Line, Rectangle, Circle, or Arc. Click to start your shape, move your mouse to adjust size, and click again to set it.
3. Add Dimensions Select Sketch & gt ; Sketch Dimension to specify the exact size. Click on an edge, enter a dimension, and press Enter .
4. Modifying Shapes if Needed Use tools like Trim, Offset, or Fillet to adjust your sketch as needed.
5. Finish the Sketch Click Finish Sketch to save your 2D drawing.

2D Drafting

1. Start with a large equilateral triangle.
2. Divide it into four smaller equilateral triangles by connecting the midpoints of each side.
3. Remove the central triangle, leaving three smaller triangles.
4. Repeat this process for each remaining triangle, creating a second level of smaller triangles with central sections removed. This creates the Level-2 fractal structure.

3D Drafting

1. Create a Hexagonal Profile: Start a new sketch on a plane, draw a hexagon (use the Polygon tool) with the correct width across flats to match the Allen key size.
2. Extrude to Desired Length: Extrude the hexagon sketch along one direction to form the straight part of the Allen key.
3. Create the Bend: Use the "Sweep" or "Pipe" tool to create the bent (L-shaped) section. Draw a 90-degree arc for the bend, then apply a circular sweep with the hexagonal profile along this path.
4. Finish with Fillets: Add small fillets to the internal bend corner to match real Allen key design.

Solid Modelling

first we need to import or sketch the airfoil profile then manually we will sketch the airfoil using the Spline tool for a smooth curve. After completing the sketch, switch to the Solid workspace and select the Extrude tool. Extrude the airfoil profile to the desired thickness to form a 3D solid. Then we can further refine the model by adding features like fillets or adjusting the shape as needed for simulation.

Assembly And Animation

Ratchet and pawl mechanism

To design a ratchet and pawl mechanism, start by sketching the ratchet wheel, which has angled teeth in the Sketch workspace. Use the Circular Pattern tool to duplicate the teeth around a central point. Then, sketch the pawl—a lever that will catch on the teeth to allow movement in one direction only. After finishing the sketches, use the Extrude tool to give the ratchet and pawl 3D thickness. Assemble the parts in the Assemble workspace by adding joints to simulate the interaction, allowing the pawl to engage and lock the ratchet teeth when rotated in one direction. https://youtu.be/59AeR1q-7Yk?si=RV_6YehYt3ps6FCJ

Spur Gear Design

Start by navigating to the Design workspace, then go to Tools and select Add-ins ; Scripts and Add-ins. In the Add-ins tab, find the "Spur Gear" add-in, which is included with Fusion 360. Open the add-in and input your gear specifications, such as the number of teeth, pitch diameter, pressure angle, and module. Fusion 360 will automatically generate the gear model based on these parameters. Once the gear is created, you can further customize it by modifying dimensions or adding additional features as needed.

Designing a parametric box

Start in the Sketch workspace and draw a rectangle representing the box's base. Define dimensions using Parameters by navigating to Modify > Change Parameters, where you can set variables (e.g., "length," "width," "height). Finish the sketch, then use the Extrude tool to give the base height. Create the box’s walls by offsetting the edges or extruding additional rectangles from the top face, using the defined wall thickness parameter.

Organic designing using forms

Start with a basic shape, such as a box or cylinder, then use Edit Form to push, pull, and stretch faces, edges, or vertices, shaping them into smooth, flowing forms. Use Symmetry if needed to keep the design balanced. Fusion 360’s T-Spline tools allow for smooth, organic curves ideal for ergonomic or biomorphic shapes. Once the design is complete, finish the form to convert it into a solid body, where you can add details or further refine the model.

SOLID MODELLING

I created a circle using sketcher and then extruded that .then i used form in that i started with a plane and selecting a plane created with rectangle then i adjusted that rectangle .then using a form need to adjust then need to check over how it looks in top view and right side view then in added a circular pattern to get multiple blades.

3D Draft

1. Create a Sketch: Start by creating a 2D sketch of the part’s base shape in the Sketch workspace.
2. Extrude the Sketch: Use the Extrude tool to give your sketch depth and create a 3D shape
3. Refine and Finish: Use additional tools like Fillet or Chamfer to smooth edges and finalize the part’s design. ![Alt text]

Sheet Metal

started by switching to the Sheet Metal workspace. started with a 2D sketch for the base and used the Flange tool to give it thickness. Next, select the edges of the base and use the Flange tool again to add walls, the height for the postbox structure. To create a mail slot, drawing a rectangle on the front wall and use the Cut tool to remove the material for an opening. For the lid, i used the Flange tool on the back edge of the postbox to add a hinged cover, adjusting its angle slightly for easy access. Once complete, i used the Create Flat Pattern option to generate a flat view for fabrication. ![Alt text]

Prerequisite for assembly in fusion 360

1. Bodies Definition: Bodies are single, solid geometries created within the same design. They are generally used for creating the initial 3D shapes and forms in your model. Use Case: Bodies are ideal when you’re working on a single part or element that doesn’t need to move independently or be assembled later. Structure: Bodies are grouped within a single "Body" folder in the Browser (the left-side navigation pane in Fusion 360). Limitations: Bodies can’t be easily moved relative to each other within the same design since they are part of the same rigid geometry.

2. Components Definition: Components are modular parts of a design that function as distinct entities within an assembly. They can include multiple bodies and are structured to allow for movement and relationships with other components. Use Case: Components are useful in multi-part assemblies, where each part might need to move independently or be modified separately. Structure: Each component appears as a separate item in the Browser and can contain its own sketches, bodies, and other features. Flexibility: Components are essential for creating assemblies, as they allow for joints, constraints, and movement relative to other components.

ELECTRONICS

Make basic gates using TTL logic.

I designed basic AND and OR gates using TTL logic with NPN transistors in TinkerCAD. The AND gate was constructed to ensure the output is HIGH only when both inputs are HIGH, while the OR gate output is HIGH when at least one input is HIGH. I successfully wired and tested both circuits to confirm their functionality. AND and OR ![Alt text]

Driving an N-channel MOSFET

designed a circuit to drive an N-Channel MOSFET in tinkerCAD, demonstrating its operation with a load (LED). The circuit included a gate resistor and a switch to control the MOSFET. I successfully simulated the circuit, confirming that the LED lights up when the MOSFET is activated.

Logic Design.

I designed a full adder using 2x1 multiplexers in CircuitVerse, creating a circuit that produces both sum and carry outputs based on three input bits. I referenced the truth table to ensure accurate connections and logic implementation. The circuit was tested and verified against various input combinations. ![Alt text]

FILTER DESIGN

I designed a second-order band-pass filter using the IC741 in LTspice, aiming for a gain of approximately 1.5 and specific cutoff frequencies. I calculated suitable resistor and capacitor values to meet the design criteria. The circuit was constructed and simulated to verify its functionality within the intended frequency range.

Matlab onramp

I created a MATLAB account and successfully completed the MATLAB OnRamp course. This course provided an introduction to essential MATLAB concepts and functionalities. Upon completion, I obtained the certification, enhancing my programming skills and familiarity with MATLAB