Task 10: LED Toggle Using ESP32
Objective: Learn the working of an ESP32 and create a standalone web server with an ESP32 that controls the LED connected with ESP32 GPIOs.
After feeding the required code into the ESP32 microcontroller enter the mobile hotspot credentials into the code & change the baud rate to 115200, later during the compilation of the code when you receive an IP address, paste the same into your browser and toggle the LED using the same website.
Task 11: Soldering Prerequisites
Objective: Learn about the soldering equipment and perform basic soldering on a perf board, for example a LED circuit.
I inserted the LED leads through the holes, ensuring proper orientation. Then, I heated the soldering iron and kept it on the junction of the lead and copper pad, feeding solder wire into the joint for a solid connection. Later cross checked if the connections were strong.
Task 12: 555 IC astable multivibrator with 60% duty cycle
Objective: Design a 555 IC astable multivibrator with 60% duty cycle.
For this project we’ll need the below components:
| Component | Quantity | |
|---|---|---|
| 555 IC Timer | 1 | |
| 0.01 uF Capacitor | 2 | |
| 1 kilo ohms | 1 | |
| 2 kilo ohms | 1 | |
| VRPS 5V | 1 |
Circuit Diagram
The formula used to calculate, ratio of the resistors to be used while designing a astable multivibrator for a given % of duty cycle is:
Duty cycle = T(on) / [T(off) + T(on)] = [R1 + R2] / [R1 + 2R2] %
The duty cycle I got while performing this project is 59.46% while the expected result was 60%
Task 13: K-Map & Deriving Logic Gates
Objective: Determine the Karnaugh map and make a burglar alarm using simple logic circuits. The buzzer or led blinks when certain conditions are met.
Since this is a burglar alarm, it should start ringing in case of un-authorised access i.e. when the door opens in the absence of the key. So, let’s make the following assumptions: We denote state of:
- Door by, ‘D’. Open door is denoted by 1, closed door is denoted by 0.
- Key by, ‘K’. If key is NOT put on the door it’s denoted by 0 and if key is put on the door it’s denoted by 1.
- The burglar alarm, where 1 means the alarm is activated and 0 means the alarm is off.
- So, the alarm works on the basis of the given truth table:
The solution of the given k-map is, D1 K0. The Logic circuit representing this is as shown below:
Task 14: Active Participation
I participated in ElectroAuction, a non flagship event of IMPETUS 24.0. Round 1 comprised of tricky quiz related to the field of Electronics. I also took part in Poster Presentation Track during KAGADA 2023 where I presented the topic of MXenes - The Future Materials.
Here are the soft copy of the certificates.
Task 15: Datasheets report writing
Objective: Study the datasheet of L293D motor driver and write a report on it. Specify about the ICs used in L293D, PWM, H-bridge etc.
The L293D is a popular IC for controlling the direction and speed of small DC motors. It is commonly used in robotics and automation projects.
Features:
- Controls Two Motors: L293D can independently control two DC motors, moving them forward or backward.
- Voltage Support:
- Motor power: 4.5V to 36V.
- Logic power: 5V (for control signals).
- Current Capacity: Provides up to 600mA per motor.
Working:
H-Bridge Circuit: The IC uses an H-bridge setup to control motor direction by reversing current flow.
Speed Control (PWM): By sending PWM signals to the enable pins, motor speed can be adjusted. Faster pulses mean higher speed.
Applications:
- Robots (e.g., moving wheels).
- Remote-controlled cars.
- Conveyor belts in small automation systems.
Task 16: Introduction to VR
Virtual Reality (VR) is a new form of technology that has been grwoing in popularity. It immerses in a 3D environment that seems real taking away the limitations of the real world to allow us to go wherever we want ans experience what we are interested in. It's a simulated experience used in gaming, entertainment, educational and professioanl environments to let people have experiences that may be dangerous or entirely impossible in real life.
Once inside this environment we can explore everything inside it. Virtual reality tricks our brains into believing that what we see and hear while wearing the VR headset is real. This Virtual setting is shown in 360 degrees adding to the sense of realism to look around ans see the simulated environment all around us.
VR looks real and it makes us feel real, designed to mimic reality what we actually see can vary dramatically depending on the specific app we are using.
Some of the VR headsets are:
- Oculus quest 2
- Steam index
- HTC Vive
- HP Reverb
- PSVR
These Headsets completely cover our eyes showing us the virtual environment blocking the view of the real world around us. Controllers are also part of the VR headsets, used to control the movements and actions that help to interact with the virtual world.
