Task1:LTspice and KiCad

LTSPICE

Initially I learnt about LTspice which is freeware computer software implementing a SPICE electronic circuit simulator.Then I learnt how to use it.As we were asked to design a astable multivibrator 555 IC timer circuit ,I designed the circuit with the reference of resources given in marvel website.The images of circuit and respected graph of simulation is given below.

I found that LTspice allows us to simulate and analyze electronic circuits using a wide range of built-in components. It features schematic capture, waveform viewing, parameter sweeping, noise analysis, and efficient simulation for analog, digital, and mixed-mode circuits.

KICAD

KiCad is a free software suite for designing electronic hardware. It helps us to create schematics and PCB layouts, view manufacturing files, simulate circuits with SPICE, and perform engineering calculations—all in one integrated environment.I got familiarised with KICAD and designed a simple LED blinking circuit using LED,transistors,resistors capacitor and battery.

KiCad is offering flexibility and no licensing costs, making it accessible for both hobbyists and professionals. Its extensive features, including 3D visualization and a large library of components, enhance the design process and improve collaboration.

Task 2 - Speed control of DC motor

I made a circuit using 2 DC Motors,H-Bridge L298N motor driver and potentiometer and then uploaded the code into UNO and then controlled the speed of DC Motors using potentiometer.The code ,components and circuit connections are given below.

Components used :

1.Two 5V DC motors.

2.An Arduino Uno.

3.A motor controller module with the L298N chip.

4.One AA-battery pack with 4 batteries.

5.A bunch of jumper wires.

6.A 10k potentiometer.

Circuit Connections:

1.Motors to controller:

• Motor 1: Connect to Out1 and Out2.
• Motor 2: Connect to Out3 and Out4.

2.Battery to controller:

• Motor 1: Connect to Out1 and Out2.
• Motor 2: Connect to Out3 and Out4.

3.Controller to Arduino:

• Controller GND to Arduino GND.
• ENB to pin 6.
• ENA to pin 5.

4.Arduino control pins to controller:

• Pin 5 to In1, Pin 4 to In2.
• Pin 3 to In3, Pin 2 to In4.

5.Potentiometer to Arduino:

• Middle pin to A0.
• Other two pins to 5V and GND.

Link for the github repository for code

Task 3 - Direction Control of a Motor

I made a circuit using 2 DC Motors,H-Bridge L298N motor driver and potentiometer and then uploaded the code into UNO and then controlled the direction of DC Motors using potentiometer.The circuit connections and code is given below.

Components used :

1.Two 5V DC motors.

2.An Arduino Uno.

3.A motor controller module with the L298N chip.

4.One AA-battery pack with 4 batteries.

5.A bunch of jumper wires.

6.A 10k potentiometer.

Circuit Connections:

1.Motors to controller:

• Motor 1: Connect to Out1 and Out2.
• Motor 2: Connect to Out3 and Out4.

2.Battery to controller:

• Motor 1: Connect to Out1 and Out2.
• Motor 2: Connect to Out3 and Out4.

3.Controller to Arduino:

• Controller GND to Arduino GND.
• ENB to pin 6.
• ENA to pin 5.

4.Arduino control pins to controller:

• Pin 5 to In1, Pin 4 to In2.
• Pin 3 to In3, Pin 2 to In4.

5.Potentiometer to Arduino:

• Middle pin to A0.
• Other two pins to 5V and GND.

The circuit connections and components are same as that of speed control of DC motors but the only thing that changes is the code.

Link for github repository for code

Task 6 - Temperature Detection

I designed a circuit to detect the temperature using Arduino UNO and LM35 Temperature sensor which is a low voltage ,precision centigrade temperature sensor.LM35 is a chip that provides a voltage output that is linearly proportional to the temperature in °C and is, therefore, very easy to use with an Arduino.

Circuit Connections:

We only need to connect three pins: two for power and one for reading the sensor value.The sensor can be powered from 5V. The positive voltage connects to ‘+Vs’ and ground connects to ‘GND‘. The middle pin ‘Vout’ is the analog signal output from the sensor and connects to the A0 analog input of an Arduino.

Link for the github repository for code

Task 7 - Temperature and Humidity detection

DHT-11 is a basic digital temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes pre-calibrated and requires no external circuit for measuring the temperature or humidity.

The sensor contains a 14-pin, 8-bit microcontroller IC that:

• Senses analog signals from the humidity-resistive component and the thermistor
• Converts analog voltages to digital values, according to the stored calibration coefficients
• Outputs a digital signal carrying values of humidity, temperature, and a checksum byte

The pin diagram as follows;

Using DHT-11 sensor ,arduino uno made a circuit for detecting both temperature and humidity.I uploaded the code to arduino,which is given in the resources website.Then displayed the temperature and humidity on serial monitor.The link for code and circuit connections are as follows.

Link to github repository for code

Circuit connections :

• Connect Arduino with the PC via a USB cable
• Provide ground and VCC to the DHT11 sensor from Arduino’s ground and 5V pin, respectively
• Connect the data pin of the DHT11 sensor with pin 2 of Arduino UNO

Task 8 - BLDC Motor And Hall Effect Sensor

The main objective of the task is to measure the speed of a BLDC motor and display it on the serial monitor using hall effect sensor.

The hall effect, in short, is a relationship between electric and magnetic fields through a semiconductor that allows electricity to flow when a magnetic field is applied within the vicinity of a given hall sensor. In this case, we will be using the A3144 hall effect sensor, which is a unipolar sensor. Unipolar sensors are great for scenarios where only one pole of magnet is needed. This allows us to stick a magnet to a moving object and as it cycles through its rotation, each time it passes the hall sensor, the hall sensor registers its passing and we can say that one period has been completed.

Components required

1.A3144 Hall Effect Sensor

2.5V DC Fan/Blower

3.Arduino Uno

4.Neodymium magnets

5.Breadboard

6.10k Resistor

The speed of the fan or motor can be detected using A3144 Hall Effect Sensor and arduino setup.The circuit connections are as same as in the image given below.

A neodymim magnet is fixed to the one of the blade of the fan.When the fan is kept closer to the sensor ,the sensor records the speed of the fan and is displayed on the serial monitor.

• The A3144 is by used as a pullup resistor, which means that we add a resistor between VCC and DATA to keep the value of the data pin at maximum when no magnet is near.

• Conversely, when we put the magnet within range of the hall sensor, we get a LOW value.

Link for the github repository for code

Task 10 - Battery Charging

Using the solar panel and battery charging module,the Lithium Ion battery can be charged.The simple circuit for charging Li-ion battery using solar panel is represented in image given below.

When the solar panel is exposed to sunlight,it stores the solar energy in it and converts it into electricity .Then electricity enters battery charging module which manages the charging process and ensures the battery is charged safely.The battery charging module is connected to Li-ion battery and the Li-ion batttery gets charged in this process.

Task 11 - Understanding 555 Timer And LDR

Using 555 IC and LDR ,an automatic headlight setup can be done.An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) changes its resistance based on the intensity of light, allowing it to function as a sensor for light levels.The 555 timer IC can be used as a comparator to sense the voltage changes at its threshold and trigger pins.I used 10K resistor ,LDR ,LED and 555 IC to build automatic headlight setup.The led turns off when LDR senses light and it turns on automatically when it is dark.

Circuit connections:

1.LDR is connected between pin 2 and 8 of 555 IC.

2.Connect pin 6 and 8 together.

3.Connect +ve of LED to pin 3 and -ve of LED to pin 1.

4.Connect 10 ohm resistor with pin 1 and 2.

5.Connect pin 4 and 6 together.

6.Connect positive terminal of supply to pin 8 and negative to pin 1.

The images and video of working of the circuit is given below

Link for the video of working

Task 12 - Solar Panel

Using 4 silicon diodes which are connected in parallel or series to each other ,a solar panel can be established.When voltage is measured across diodes, which are exposed to ambient or focussed light or sunlight using voltmeter or multimeter ,small voltage is obtained.

Task 13 - Solar Tracker

This mechanism used to generate electricity through the sunlight at maximum efficiency. This is because the solar panel opens automatically toward sunlight. For that, the light-sensitive sensors(LDR's) are incorporated into these systems.

Components Required

1. Arduino Uno
2. Solar panel
3. Servo motor
4. LDR (2)
5. 10K resistors(2)

Circuit Diagram

• The two LDRs form two separate voltage dividers with resistors. The Arduino reads the voltage differences via analog pins A0 and A1, which indicate the intensity of light hitting each LDR
• Based on the difference between the readings from A0 and A1, the Arduino sends a control signal to the servo motor through the digital PWM pin 9
• The servo motor moves in the direction required to balance the light intensity on both LDRs.

Thus maximizing the efficiency of solar energy collection through the solar panels.

Link for the video of working

Task 16 - AUTOMATIC DOOR OPENER SYSTEM

Using a PIR sensor and Arduino, replacing the CD tray mechanism with a servo motor to control the door opening mechanism,designed a automatic door opening system.A PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor is a device that detects motion by sensing the infrared radiation emitted by objects, especially humans or animals.Detection range of PIR is usually 5-12 meters.

Components Required:

1.Arduino board

2.PIR sensor

3.Servo motor

4.Jumper wires

5.Breadboard

6.Power source

Circuit Connections:

1.PIR Sensor:

• VCC → 5V pin on Arduino
• GND → Ground pin on Arduino
• OUT → Digital pin 2 on Arduino

2.Servo Motor:

• VCC → 5V pin on Arduino
• GND → Ground pin on Arduino
• Control pin → Digital pin 9 on Arduino

When a motion is detected ,the servo motor smoothly moves from 0° to 90° to open the door and after delay it returns to 0° to close the door.

Link for the video of working

Task 17 - Auto Night Lamp Using LED and BC547

Using LDR (Light Dependent Resistor),which changes its resistance based on the intensity of light, allowing it to function as a sensor for light levels ,BC547 transistor or any other transistor ,LED and 100K resistor,a automatic street light or auto night lamp can be setup.The connections are very simple.The details of the circuit connections are given below.

Circuit connections:

• Connect LDR between base and emitter terminal of BC547.
• Connect negative of LED to collector terminal.
• Connect 100K resistor between positive of LED and base terminal.
• Connect positive of power supply to junction between positive of LED and resistor
• Connect negative of power supply to junction between LDR and emitter.

The led turns off when LDR senses light and it turns on automatically when it is dark.

Link for the video of working of circuit